A chronic, inflammatory, infectious disease primarily found in tropical and subtropical countries but also in the southern United States. The disease is caused by the organism Mycobacterium leprae, which produces lesions of the skin, mucous membranes, and peripheral nervous system.
A persistent bacterial infection, also known as leprosy, that primarily impairs nerves in the extremities and facial region, potentially leading to skin damage.
Hansen’s disease is induced by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium leprae, which disseminates through droplets from the nose. While the disease is not highly infectious, individuals are only contagious in the early stages. Those at risk are often those in close, prolonged contact. The disease is most widespread in Asia, Central and South America, and Africa.
Hansen’s disease has an extended incubation period, typically ranging from three to five years. There are two primary forms: the lepromatous type, characterized by widespread, progressive, and severe damage, and the tuberculoid type, which is less severe. The disease initially targets the skin or peripheral nerves that supply the skin and muscles. Skin areas served by affected nerves may change color, becoming lighter or darker, and experience reduced sensation and sweating. As the disease advances, the peripheral nerves enlarge and become sensitive. Numbness can occur in the hands, feet, and facial skin, and muscle paralysis can lead to deformities. Other potential complications include blindness, bone destruction, and sterility.
The existence of the bacteria responsible for the disease can be verified through a skin biopsy. A combination of medications, including dapsone, rifampicin, and clofazimine, is often used in treatment, effectively killing most of the bacteria within a few days. However, any damage that occurred prior to treatment cannot be reversed. To correct deformities, plastic surgery may be required, and nerve and tendon transplants might be used to enhance the functionality of the affected limbs.