A group of physical disorders brought on by prolonged exposure to hot temperatures, insufficient fluid intake, and failure of the body to successfully regulate its internal temperature. Heat disorders, which usually result in hyperthermia, include heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. These conditions can be serious and even life-threatening if prompt action is not taken to manage them. Heat disorders are especially serious in older people.
The body operates most effectively at a temperature around 37°C, and any significant departure from this temperature disrupts its internal processes. To maintain a constant internal temperature, the body possesses specialized mechanisms. However, if these mechanisms malfunction or become overwhelmed, it can lead to a heat disorder.
The body’s ability to get rid of excess heat is regulated by the hypothalamus, a part of the brain. When the temperature of the blood increases, the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to activate the sweat glands and widen the blood vessels in the skin. These skin changes help cool down the body. However, excessive sweating can lead to an imbalance of salts and fluids in the body, potentially causing heat cramps or heat exhaustion. If the hypothalamus is disrupted, such as during a fever, the body may overheat and result in heatstroke. Additionally, exposure to excessive external heat can lead to prickly heat.
Preventing most heat disorders can be achieved through gradual acclimatization to hot conditions and the use of salt tablets or solution. Adopting a light diet and taking frequent cool baths or showers can also be helpful. However, it’s essential to avoid alcohol consumption and strenuous exercise as they may exacerbate heat-related issues.