An injury caused by a sharp increase in pressure.
Damage to alveoli resulting from mechanical ventilation.
Injury to the middle ear caused by a change in air pressure. The conditions inside the pressurized cabin of an airplane during takeoff and especially during landing are typically responsible for barotrauma. Scuba divers and high-altitude pilots face similar risks. When air pressure is greater on the outer surface of the eardrum than on its inner surface, the eardrum is pushed inward. Middle ear infections, sinusitis, or allergies may increase a person’s susceptibility by producing congestion that blocks the eustachian tube (the tube connecting the middle ear to the back of the nasal cavity). This blockage prevents the normal flow of air that equalizes pressure in the middle ear. If the eustachian tube is completely blocked, pressure changes within the middle ear may be severe enough to rupture the eardrum or cause bleeding into the middle ear, either of which may cause a temporary, mild hearing loss.
Damage to the middle ear or Eustachian tube due to changes in atmospheric pressure associated with air travel.
Any injury caused by a change in atmospheric pressure between a potentially closed space and the surrounding area.
The sensation of pain in the ear arises due to an imbalance in the air pressure acting upon the inner and outer regions of the eardrum. This condition, commonly known as barotrauma or pressure-related ear pain, is also referred to as barotitis media. Among adults, it stands as the primary cause necessitating myringotomies, a surgical procedure involving the incision of the eardrum.
Barotrauma refers to the damage or discomfort primarily experienced in the middle ear and facial sinuses due to alterations in the surrounding air pressure. Individuals who frequently engage in air travel are particularly susceptible to barotrauma, although scuba divers encounter similar challenges.
During an aircraft’s ascent, the cabin pressure decreases while it increases during descent. As the plane ascends, individuals may experience a sensation of the ears “popping” due to the expansion of air in the middle ear, which is then expelled through the eustachian tubes connecting the middle ear to the back of the throat. Conversely, on descent, the higher pressure can push the eardrum inward and lead to discomfort or pain.
Minor pressure-related damage in the middle ear can result in pain, temporary hearing loss, and tinnitus (ringing in the ears) that may last for a few days. Similarly, damage to the facial sinuses can cause pain and potentially lead to mucus or blood discharge. Typically, these symptoms subside within hours or days; however, if they worsen or persist, medical treatment may be necessary. It’s important to note that significant pressure changes can even cause the eardrum to rupture.
Barotrauma can be prevented by actively swallowing or performing the Valsalva maneuver, which involves forcefully exhaling with a closed mouth and pinched nose. These actions help equalize the internal and external pressures in the middle ear and sinuses, minimizing the risk of barotrauma.
In cases where the eustachian tubes are blocked, often due to a common cold, it is advisable to use a nasal spray containing a decongestant drug shortly before the aircraft begins its descent. If experiencing a severe head cold, it is best to avoid air travel if possible. For infants, breastfeeding or bottle-feeding during the descent can help encourage swallowing and alleviate discomfort.