Category: B

Special group of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) superfamily of growth factors with the unique property of stimulating mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate toward a chondro‐and osteoblastic lineage. BMP‐2, BMP‐3, and BMP‐7 have proven to be powerful stimulators of bone healing. Several BMPs such as BMP‐2, BMP‐4, and BMP‐7 are known to induce the…

Processes producing functionally purposeful skeletal organs aimed at characteristic adult shape and form; includes longitudinal, transversal, and appositional growth. The process of altering the shape of bone by bone resorption and bone deposition.  

Density of bone expressed in cm2, measured by dualenergy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Used as a measure of bone health and in the diagnosis of osteoporosis. The average mineral concentration of a specimen of bone; skeletal mass. Bone mineral density is reduced in osteopenia and osteoporosis. A reduction in BMD predisposes patients to fractures.  

Mineral in bone composed of calcium carbonate (10%), calcium and magnesium fluoride (5%), and calcium phosphates (85%), present primarily as hydroxyapatite.  

A process used to particulate harvested bone into progressively smaller particles.  

Device used to mechanically transform harvested autogenous bone into a suitable particle size for grafting procedures.  

The intercellular substance of bone consisting of collagenous fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance and inorganic salts. Contains collagen type I (90%) and noncollagenous protein (about 10%): osteonectin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, and growth factors (cytokines) such as insulin‐like growth factors (IGF1 and IGF2), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF‐β1), platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), acidic…

Amount of bone, often estimated by absorptiometry, viewed as a volume minus the marrow cavity. Optimal balance in the composition of the bone is reached between 30 and 40 years of age. In this age period, the ratio of cortical and trabecular bone to bone marrow assures that maximum strength is reached by a minimum…

Nonmineralized tissue found within bone containing hematopoietic and/or fatty tissues. The soft tissue filling the cavities of bones. Bone marrow exists in two types, yellow and red. Yellow marrow is found in the large cavities of large bones and consists mostly of fat cells and a few primitive blood cells. Red marrow is a hematopoietic…

Physiologic or pathologic bone resorption around a dental implant.