Category: M

Legal agreements (e.g., treaties) between two or more nations, to recognize and respect each other’s approval process (e.g., for new crops derived via biotechnology).  

An enzyme catalyzing transposition of a functional group in the substrate (substance acted upon by the enzyme). Intramolecular transfer of a chemical group from one position (i.e., carbon atom) to another within the same molecule. An example of a mutase is phosphoglucomutase. It has a molecular weight of about 60,000 Daltons with about 600 amino…

An altered cell or organism resulting from mutation (an alteration) of the original wild (normal) type. A change from the normal to the unique or abnormal. A cell or individual organism that shows changes brought about by alterations (mutations) in genes. In which mutation has occurred. An individual in which a mutation has occurred, especially…

Of, or pertaining to, mice. For example, the first monoclonal antibodies were produced using cells from mice. This frequently caused adverse immune responses to monoclonal antibodies when they were injected into the human body (e.g., thus limiting their use in therapeutic purposes). However, researchers have recently discovered how to make monoclonal antibodies in human cells.…

A sequence of related enzymes participating in a given metabolic (chemical reaction) pathway.  

Plasmids that are present inside bacteria in quantities greater than one plasmid per (host) cell.  

An adjective referring to formation and differentiation of tissues and organs in an organism.  

A trademark of the Groupe Limagrain company, it refers to the production of pharmaceuticals and other chemicals (e.g., intermediates utilized to manufacture pharmaceuticals) in agronomic plants (which have been genetically engineered).  

The science dealing with the study of the nature and biochemistry of the genetic material. Includes the technologies of genetic engineering. That branch of genetics concerned with the chemical structure, functions, and replications of the molecules—deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)—involved in the transmission of hereditary information. The study of the molecular structure of…

Sometimes referred to as “irrational drug design,” this refers to the drug design technique of generating large numbers of diverse candidate molecules (e.g., pieces of DNA, RNA, proteins, or other organic moieties) at random (via a variety of methods). These diverse candidate molecules are then tested to see which is best at working against a…