Category: R

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is the most common cause of retinal damage in infancy. Incidence has recently been stable, but prevalence is increasing because of the increased survival of infants with very low birth weight about 67% of infants who weigh less than 3 pounds (1,251 g) and about 80% of infants who weigh less…

Restrictive dermopathy is a rare, fatal skin disease. The skin of infants with restrictive dermopathy is bright red, tight, and inflexible. In infants who survive for more than 2 weeks, the skin becomes progressively more rigid. These infants are generally born with opened mouths and fixed joints. These infants have few creases and furrows on…

Reifenstein syndrome (partial androgen insensitivity) is an inherited condition caused by a mutation of the androgen receptor gene in which testes are present but both male and female sexual characteristics exist. In approximately two thirds of the cases, the syndrome is inherited from the mother; in the other third, a mutation occurs. Outward genitalia can…

Rasmussen encephalitis is a relatively rare disorder defined by chronic inflammation of the brain (unilateral cerebral pathology) that results in progressive deterioration of function in one hemisphere, often followed by gradual partial recovery of function associated with reorganization. Etiology is generally unknown with no indications of viral pathogenesis (e.g., cytomegalovirus) or genetic determination. Rasmussen encephalitis…

Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome (RHS) belongs to a group of genetic disorders known as ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. In general, ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are caused by defects in the formation of the ectoderm (the outermost layer of embryonic tissue) during gestation. Ectodermal dysplasia syndromes are multisystem disorders that are characterized by the deficient function or absence of at…

Renal cell carcinoma is a type of cancer of the kidney that involves cancerous changes in the lining of renal tubule cells. Prevalence of this disorder is estimated to be .03%, with 18,000 new cases diagnosed each year in the United States and approximately 8,000 deaths (U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2000). The disorder is…

Nutrition and foods in the U.S. RDs receive their credential by the Commission on Dietetic Registration, the credentialing agency for the American Dietetic Association. Registered dietitians are comprehensively educated and trained in the ability to translate scientific information into appropriate food choices and to provide medical nutrition therapy. Athletes, coaches, athletic trainers, and others should…

The Reference Daily Intakes are a set of dietary references based on the Dietary Reference Intake value (either Recommended Dietary Allowances or Adequate Intake values) for essential vitamins and minerals. These values are used in food labeling to allow consumers to gauge the nutrient content of a serving of a particular food item. A set…

Ratings of perceived exertion are commonly used to gauge the perceived level of effort that is experienced by an exercising individual. The most common such scales range from either 6 through 20 or 1 through 10. Each scale provides descriptors corresponding to the level of difficulty as perceived by the individual. These ratings are commonly…

Animals with a four-chambered stomach, one of which is called the rumen. It is a large fermentation vat populated by bacteria that can digest the complex carbohydrates of grasses and grains. An animal that regurgitates food in order to chew it again. This is called chewing the cud.