An excess of calcium in the blood.
A state in which the plasma calcium concentration is significantly raised. The most important causes are hyperparathyroidism, malignant bone disease and other (non-metastatic) cancers, and chronic renal failure. Less common causes include sarcoidosis, myelomatosis, vitamin D overdosage, hyperthyroidism, and immobilization.
Hypercalcemia refers to an abnormal elevation of calcium levels in the bloodstream. This condition can be caused by various factors, including hyperparathyroidism, where there is an excessive production of parathyroid hormone responsible for regulating calcium levels. Additionally, cancer can induce hypercalcemia, either by spreading to the bones or by producing abnormal hormones that prompt the release of calcium from the bones. Less frequently, hypercalcemia may result from excessive intake of vitamin D or certain inflammatory disorders, such as sarcoidosis.
Hypercalcemia gives rise to a range of symptoms, including nausea, vomiting, lethargy, depression, increased thirst, and excessive urination. As blood calcium levels further elevate, confusion, extreme fatigue, and muscle weakness may occur. If left untreated and calcium levels continue to rise, hypercalcemia can become highly severe, leading to cardiac arrhythmias (irregularities in heartbeat), kidney failure, coma, and even death. It is crucial to address this condition promptly to avoid potentially life-threatening consequences.
Prolonged hypercalcemia can lead to nephrocalcinosis (calcification of the kidney) or the formation of kidney stones.
Diagnosis of hypercalcemia involves blood tests to measure the calcium levels and additional tests to identify the underlying cause. Treatment includes rehydration and, if needed, the use of drugs like bisphosphonates or corticosteroids to reduce dangerously high calcium levels. Concurrently, efforts are made to address the root cause of the condition, if possible.