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This type of muscle atrophy, characterized by weakening and wasting, emerges in children and teenagers due to an autosomal recessive genetic condition. The primary impact of muscle atrophy is noticeable in the lower limbs and subsequently extends to the upper limbs. There’s also potential involvement of respiratory muscles. In a majority of cases, the affected…

An uncommon type of arthritis that impacts children is juvenile chronic arthritis, which involves inflammation of the joints. This condition is more prevalent in girls and typically emerges between the ages of two and four, or during the period of puberty. There are three primary categories, all of which lead to joint discomfort, inflammation, and…

A pigmented nevus develops when a group of melanocytes, cells that produce pigment, cluster in the skin at the point where the outer layer (epidermis) meets the inner layer (dermis). This nevus appears as a smooth, non-hairy, brown mole on the skin.  

A type of involuntary eye movement called nystagmus where the eyes drift slowly in one direction and then quickly snap back.  

The polyomavirus, specifically the JC virus, typically doesn’t show symptoms in healthy adults. However, for individuals with weakened immune systems, like those with leukemia, lymphoma, or AIDS, this virus can lead to a serious brain condition called progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy, resulting in dementia.  

A widespread form of encephalitis (brain inflammation) transmitted by mosquitoes, found in Japan, India, and some areas of Southeast Asia. While many infected individuals show no symptoms, some can suffer from intense encephalitis resulting in paralysis, seizures, coma, and even death. Vaccination is accessible for those journeying to areas with a higher risk.  

A variant of Sturge–Weber syndrome characterized by abnormal blood vessels in the face and brain but lacking the typical glaucoma (elevated eye fluid pressure) commonly linked with the syndrome.  

A brief disruption in brain activity where seizures start in a specific body region, like a limb or the face, and might extend to other parts or potentially the entire body — a progression termed as the seizure’s march. While the individual often remains conscious, they might experience memory loss.  

Also known as Jaccoud’s arthritis or Jaccoud’s syndrome, this uncommon type of chronic arthritis is linked with systemic lupus erythematosus. It results in fibrous alterations in the joint capsules and tendons at the fingers’ base, causing pain and inflammation.