Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

A return to the original condition, e. g. the reappearance of the normal or wild type in previously mutated cells, tissues, or organisms. A return toward some ancestral type or condition. A return to a previously existing condition. Going back to a prior state or condition. The emergence of traits that were present in distant…

A member of a group of RNA viruses, the RNA of which is copied during viral replication into DNA by reverse transcriptase. The viral DNA is then able to be integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. A virus that has the ability to take over certain cells and interrupt their normal genetic function. Human Immunodeficiency…

Looking back at events that have already taken place. Applying to the past, tracing what has happened already to selected people.  

Pertaining to the retina. The aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.);…

Nucleotide sequences, usually upstream, which are recognized by specific regulatory transcription factors, thereby causing gene response to various regulatory agents. These elements may be found in both promotor and enhancer regions.  

Functions and activities of the respiratory tract as a whole or of any of its parts.  

A large increase in oxygen uptake by neutrophils and most types of tissue macrophages through activation of an NADPH-cytochrome b-dependent oxidase that reduces oxygen to a superoxide. Individuals with an inherited defect in which the oxidase that reduces oxygen to superoxide is decreased or absent (granulomatous disease, chronic) often die as a result of recurrent…

The act of breathing with the lungs, consisting of inspiration, or the taking into the lungs of the ambient air, and of expiration, or the expelling of the modified air which contains more carbon dioxide than the air taken in (Blakiston’s Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed.). This does not include tissue respiration (= oxygen consumption)…

The ability of the eye or of a lens to make small objects that are close together, separately visible; thus revealing the structure of an object.  

Functional, metabolic, or structural changes, including necrosis, in ischemic tissues thought to result from reperfusion to ischemic areas of the tissue. The most common instance is myocardial reperfusion injury. Cellular damage that occurs after blood flow is restored to ischemic tissues.