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Major constituent of the cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. They form a flexible framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell possible.    

A pyrimidine base that is a fundamental unit of nucleic acids. One of the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids. One of the four basic chemicals in DNA. A pyrimidine base found in the genetic materials DNA and RNA. A pyrimidine base that is part of DNA and RNA. In DNA it is paired with guanine.…

Cytochromes (electron-transporting proteins) with protoheme or a related heme as the prosthetic group. The prosthetic group is not covalently bound to the protein moiety.  

Any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes…

A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form cystine. A covalently linked dimeric nonessential amino acid formed by the oxidation of cysteine. Two molecules of cysteine are joined together by a disulfide bridge to form cystine. A non-essential amino acid, but nutritionally important since it spares the essential amino acid methionine. In addition…

Precursor of an alkylating nitrogen mustard antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent that must be activated in the liver to form the active aldophosphamide. It is used in the treatment of lymphomas, leukemias, etc. Its side effect, alopecia, has been made use of in defleecing sheep. Cyclophosphamide may also cause sterility, birth defects, mutations, and cancer. A…

Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with cyclins to achieve full enzymatic activity. Cyclin-dependent kinases are regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. A family of enzymes involved in regulation of the cell cycle. They serve as targets for pharmacological manipulation of this cycle, particularly during the unregulated…

A 33-kD protein identical to adenovirus E1A-associated protein p60. Cyclin A regulates p33cdk2 and p34cdc2, and is necessary for progression through the S phase of the cell cycle.  

Molecule that regulates the cell cycle. A member of a family of proteins that participate in regulating the stages of the cell cycle and whose concentrations change dramatically over the course of the cell cycle.  

Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.