Phytochemical Composition of Astragalus Root
Astragalus root (Astragalus membranaceus), long revered in traditional Chinese medicine, is exceptionally rich in bioactive phytochemicals that contribute to its health-promoting properties. Key constituents include cycloartane-type saponins such as astragalosides I–IV, which exhibit potent immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects ; polysaccharides, comprising up to 32% of the dried root, that enhance antioxidant defenses and glycemic control ; and flavonoids—principally formononetin, calycosin, and their glycosides—that support cardiovascular health and exhibit neuroprotective activity. (1) (2) (3)
Nutrition Value Table
| Nutrient per Serving (2 g dried root) | Amount | % Daily Value (DV)* |
| Calories | 7 kcal | 0% |
| Total Carbohydrate | 1.5 g | 1% |
| Dietary Fiber | 1 g | 4% |
| Total Sugars | 0 g | — |
| Protein | 0.2 g | 0% |
| Total Fat | 0 g | 0% |
| Vitamin C | 0 mg | 0% |
| Iron | 0.1 mg | 1% |
| Phytochemicals – Polysaccharides | 640 mg | — |
| Phytochemicals – Cycloartane-type Saponins | 50 mg | — |
| Phytochemicals – Flavonoids | 10 mg | — |
*Percent Daily Values (%DV) are based on a 2,000-calorie diet.
Science backed health benefits of Astragalus Root
Astragalus root has long been valued in traditional medicine for its wide-ranging immune-supporting properties, helping the body mount defenses against viral threats. Its bioactive compounds—including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins—work synergistically to enhance white blood cell function and stimulate natural killer (NK) cell activity, strengthening the body’s barrier against pathogens. (4) In addition, Astragalus supports the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, promoting an adaptable immune response without overstimulation. Emerging analyses in healthy adults reveal that regular supplementation can modulate gut microbiota and increase circulating immune factors, further bolstering antiviral defenses (5)
Research Findings
- According to research conducted by Xinjiang Medical University, Astragalus polysaccharides activate macrophages and elevate levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 via the TLR4/MyD88 signaling pathway, enhancing innate antiviral defenses (6)
- Research by Zhi Xin Li demonstrated that a whole-ingredients extract from Astragalus significantly increased peripheral white blood cell counts and improved thymus and spleen indices in immunosuppressed mice, indicating stronger systemic immunity (7)
- A study published in Vaccines found that astragaloside VII promotes dendritic cell maturation and boosts T cell activation—key steps in orchestrating a targeted antiviral response—by upregulating IL-12 and IFN-γ production in vitro. (8)
2. Keeps Your Heart Healthy by Helping Manage Blood Pressure
Astragalus root has long been prized for its ability to support vascular health and maintain stable blood pressure, key factors in overall cardiovascular wellness. By promoting smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessel walls and supporting endothelial function, Astragalus helps preserve optimal circulation and reduces strain on the heart. (9) (10) Its natural compounds also exhibit anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties, further protecting the delicate lining of arteries and preventing excessive narrowing that can elevate blood pressure.
Research findings:
- Astragalus polysaccharide extract significantly lowered both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive mice while reducing renal inflammation and fibrosis, highlighting its dual vascular and renal protective actions, according to research conducted by the Frontiers in Pharmacology journal. (9)
- A systematic review and meta‐analysis in the Cochrane Database found that Astragalus preparations decreased systolic blood pressure by an average of 16.65 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 6.02 mm Hg in chronic kidney disease patients, demonstrating its clinical efficacy in human populations. (10)
3. Fights Inflammation with Powerful Antioxidants
Astragalus root, long celebrated in traditional herbal medicine, is now recognized for its robust anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Rich in bioactive compounds such as astragalosides and flavonoids, the root neutralizes free radicals and bolsters the body’s defenses against oxidative stress. (11) These potent antioxidants modulate key cellular pathways to reduce inflammatory signals without harsh side effects. (12) Additionally, Astragalus supports immune balance by enhancing the activity of endogenous protective enzymes, promoting overall wellness and resilience against chronic inflammation. (13)
Research findings:
- According to research conducted on intestinal epithelial cells, Astragalus extract activates the Nrf2 pathway and inhibits NF-κB signaling, leading to decreased reactive oxygen species and dampened inflammation. (11)
- Research by a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies shows that Astragalus polysaccharides significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β while boosting endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
- Research by network pharmacology and molecular docking reveals that astragaloside IV, a key component of Astragalus, targets inflammatory mediators including TNF, TLR4, and IL-10, thereby orchestrating a multi-targeted anti-inflammatory response. (13)
4. Supports Kidney Health and Protects Your Kidneys
Astragalus root, long revered in traditional botanical medicine, delivers a spectrum of bioactive compounds—flavonoids, polysaccharides, and saponins—that bolster renal resilience by quelling oxidative stress and dampening inflammatory cascades. (14) Its antioxidant constituents help preserve glomerular and tubular integrity, while modulatory effects on the gut–kidney axis promote balanced microbial metabolites that support healthy renal function. (15) Integrating Astragalus into daily wellness routines offers a holistic approach to kidney protection and overall health optimization for individuals seeking natural, preventive strategies.
Research Findings
- According to research by Feng and colleagues, Astragalus polysaccharides significantly lowered serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels and reduced renal tubular injury and fibrosis in chronic kidney disease models. (14)
- Research by Li et al. demonstrated that total flavonoids from Astragalus preserved the integrity of the glomerular filtration barrier, inhibited inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-8, and decreased oxidative stress in diabetic kidney disease mice. (15)
- A network pharmacology and experimental study found that Astragaloside IV protected against ischemia-reperfusion–induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting ferroptosis pathways and enhancing GPX4 and SLC7A11 activity. (16)
- In hypertensive rodents, Astragalus polysaccharide extract reduced blood pressure and ameliorated renal dysfunction through modulation of the TGF-β1–ILK signaling pathway, demonstrating both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions. (17)
5. Helps Slow Down Aging at the Cellular Level
Astragalus root emerges as a powerful ally in the fight against cellular aging, demonstrating remarkable protective effects through multiple biological pathways. This ancient Traditional Chinese Medicine contains a rich array of active compounds including polysaccharides, flavonoids, and saponins that work synergistically to combat age-related cellular decline. (18) (19) The root’s anti-aging properties stem from its ability to enhance telomerase activity, which helps maintain the protective caps on chromosomes and slows cellular aging processes. (20) Additionally, astragalus provides robust antioxidant protection by neutralizing harmful free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, two major contributors to cellular damage and aging. (21) (18) The herb also supports mitochondrial health by protecting these cellular powerhouses from dysfunction and maintaining their energy-producing capacity. (22) Through its anti-inflammatory properties and immune system modulation, astragalus creates an environment conducive to healthy cellular function and longevity. (23) (24)
Research Findings
- Telomerase activation studies show that specific astragalus compounds can significantly increase telomerase activity in human cells, with some formulations demonstrating up to 4.3-fold increases in telomerase function compared to untreated cells (20)
- Mitochondrial protection research conducted by scientists reveals that astragalus polysaccharides effectively shield cellular mitochondria from oxidative damage and maintain their structural integrity, preventing age-related energy decline (22) (25)
- Antioxidant capacity investigations demonstrate that astragalus extracts can significantly increase the activity of key antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase while reducing harmful free radical production (21) (25)
- Cellular senescence studies conducted in laboratory settings show that astragalus compounds can reduce markers of cellular aging such as β-galactosidase activity and prevent premature cell death in various tissue types (26) (20)
- Clinical trial evidence indicates that astragalus-based supplements can increase telomere length in middle-aged adults over a six-month period, suggesting real-world anti-aging benefits in human populations (20) (27)
- Inflammatory response research shows that astragalus polysaccharides can significantly reduce pro-inflammatory markers while enhancing anti-inflammatory responses, creating a more youthful cellular environment (19) (20)
6. Helps Control Blood Sugar for People with Type 2 Diabetes
Astragalus root, long valued in traditional medicine, supports metabolic balance and healthy blood sugar levels through multiple pathways. Its polysaccharide components improve insulin sensitivity and protect pancreatic β-cell function by modulating key signaling cascades. (28) In addition, Astragalus exerts anti-inflammatory effects and restores gut microbiota diversity, which together promote better glucose uptake and utilization across tissues. (29) These complementary actions make Astragalus root a promising botanical adjunct for overall wellness in individuals managing type 2 diabetes.
Research findings
- Astragalus polysaccharides enhanced AMPK activation in diabetic rat models, leading to reduced fasting blood glucose and improved insulin sensitivity in vivo (30)
– Total Astragalus saponins reversed hepatic insulin resistance and normalized postprandial glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (31) - In db/db mice, Astragalus polysaccharides restored gut microbiota balance—raising beneficial Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium—to yield significant hypoglycemic effects (32)
- Astragalus treatment upregulated hepatic IRS-1/PI3K/Akt signaling, contributing to lower insulin resistance and better glycemic control (33)
7. Reduces Fatigue and Increases Energy Levels
Astragalus root has been celebrated for centuries as a potent tonic that revitalizes the body’s vital energy, helping individuals feel more energetic and resilient. Its rich profile of bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and polysaccharides, supports the body’s stress response and combats feelings of tiredness by regulating energy metabolism and enhancing nutrient uptake. Traditional Chinese Medicine recognizes Astragalus as a cornerstone herb for invigorating Qi, promoting overall stamina, and bolstering natural defenses. (34) Modern reviews also highlight its ability to support endurance during physical challenges and sustain mental alertness throughout the day. (35) (36)
Research Findings
- According to a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in individuals with chronic fatigue syndrome, a herbal complex containing Astragalus membranaceus significantly improved endurance capacity and reduced symptoms of tiredness over the study period. (34)
- Research by Ahn et al. demonstrated that post-COVID-19 nurses receiving Astragalus root extract experienced a statistically significant decrease in chronic fatigue prevalence, with effects persisting one month after treatment. (35)
- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study on competitive rowers found that Astragalus supplementation not only mitigated exercise-induced immune suppression but also lowered perceived exertion, indicating enhanced energy efficiency during strenuous activity. (36)
8. Protects Your Liver and Aids Detoxification
Astragalus root has long been embraced in traditional wellness practices for its ability to support liver health and enhance the body’s natural detoxification pathways. By bolstering antioxidant defenses and promoting cellular resilience in hepatic tissue, it helps guard against damage from environmental toxins and metabolic stressors. (37) Additionally, compounds within Astragalus stimulate the activation of key detox enzymes and support healthy inflammatory balance in the liver, fostering efficient clearance of waste products. (38) Together, these actions contribute to maintaining optimal liver function and overall metabolic wellness. (39)
Research Findings
– Research by Zhang et al. demonstrated that pretreatment with Astragaloside IV reduces liver enzyme markers and restores antioxidant balance via activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in a mouse model of acetaminophen-induced injury. (37)
– A study conducted by Li and colleagues found that Astragaloside IV protects against acute alcohol-induced liver damage by modulating gut microbiota composition and inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1 inflammatory pathway. (38)
– According to Chen et al., Astragalus polysaccharides and saponins significantly lower serum ALT and AST levels, reduce oxidative stress, and improve histological indicators of liver injury in alcoholic liver disease mice. (39)
9. Helps Your Body Handle Stress Better
Astragalus root, long valued in traditional Chinese medicine as a powerful adaptogen, supports the body’s natural stress response by balancing key hormones and bolstering resilience. It promotes healthy adrenal function and helps regulate cortisol release, preventing the detrimental effects of chronic stress . (40) Rich in antioxidants such as astragalosides and flavonoids, Astragalus scavenges free radicals generated during stress, reducing oxidative damage in cells. (41) Additionally, its immune-modulating properties help maintain a balanced inflammatory response under pressure, ensuring that prolonged stress does not compromise overall wellness (5) (42)
Research Findings
- Studies in rats exposed to repeated restraint stress demonstrated that Astragalus membranaceus extract improved anxiety-like behaviors and restored stress-induced neurotransmitter imbalances, normalizing cortisol and catecholamine levels in the brain, according to research conducted by Kim et al.
- In a double-blind trial of competitive rowers subjected to maximal exertion, supplementation with standardized Astragalus root extract attenuated markers of exercise-induced immunosuppression and reduced cortisol spikes compared to placebo, enhancing recovery (Research by Nowak et al.) (43)
- An integrated human trial found that Astragalus polysaccharide administration for two weeks shifted cytokine profiles toward anti-inflammatory patterns under mild immune challenge, indicating improved stress resilience at the cellular level (Research by Li et al.) (5)
10 Eases Breathing and Reduces Allergy Symptoms
Astragalus root, long prized in traditional medicine, shows promise for improving respiratory comfort and alleviating allergy-related breathing difficulties by modulating immune responses and reducing inflammation. Its bioactive polysaccharides and saponins support airway relaxation and enhance mucus clearance, aiding easier airflow. Clinical observations note fewer episodes of nasal congestion and sneezing, as well as a gentler cough reflex after regular supplementation. Users also report a general sense of improved breathing endurance during allergy season. These benefits align with the herb’s immunoregulatory profile and anti-inflammatory actions demonstrated in recent literature. (44) (45)(46)
Research Findings
- According to research by Li et al., Astragalus extract reduced airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilic inflammation in preclinical asthma models, improving lung function without adverse effects. (44)
- Research by Zhang and colleagues found that astragaloside IV from Astragalus root decreased Th2-driven cytokines and alleviated nasal congestion and sneezing in allergic rhinitis patients. (45)
- A clinical trial in pediatric asthma demonstrated that an Astragalus oral solution increased regulatory T cells and decreased IgE levels, leading to fewer asthma exacerbations and reduced wheezing episodes. (46)
Dosage Forms and Administration of Astragalus Root
Astragalus root is available in various dosage forms to support immune function, cardiovascular health, and overall wellness. Clinically studied preparations include:
- Powdered root: 600 mg–2 g divided into 3–4 daily doses, taken with water or food. (47)
- Liquid tincture/extract: 2–5 mL administered three times daily, standardized to polysaccharide or saponin content. (47)
- Decoction (tea): 6–12 g of dried root boiled in 350–400 mL of water, infused, and consumed hot or cold two to three times daily. (47)
- Oral supplement (capsules/tablets): typical doses range from 1.8 g to 5 g per day, often standardized to astragaloside IV or total polysaccharides. (48)
- Injection (intravenous or intramuscular): used adjunctively in conditions such as diabetic nephropathy, at doses comparable to 2–7.5 g powdered root equivalents daily, under professional supervision. (49)
Administration should begin at lower doses to assess tolerance, gradually increasing to target therapeutic levels. For chronic conditions, treatment courses of up to 3–6 months have demonstrated safety and efficacy, with occasional monitoring of liver and kidney function recommended. Always consult a healthcare provider before initiating high-dose or long-term regimens.
Potential side effects and Safety Precautions of Astragalus Root
Astragalus root (Astragalus membranaceus) is widely used for its immunomodulatory and adaptogenic properties, but understanding its safety profile is essential for individuals interested in overall health and wellness. Key findings from preclinical and clinical research include:
- Preclinical toxicity studies in rats demonstrated no treatment-related deaths or adverse effects at daily doses up to 150 mg/kg of cycloastragenol (a bioactive compound from Astragalus), establishing a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) above 150 mg/kg/day (50)
- Systematic reviews and meta-analyses in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic kidney disease found that Astragalus adjunct therapy had adverse event rates similar to controls and even reduced hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects when combined with standard treatments (50)
- In a clinical study administering intravenous Astragalus to oncology patients, transient side effects—such as fatigue, headache, and lowered blood pressure—were reported but resolved within 24 hours without intervention (51)
Common Side Effects
Although generally well tolerated, Astragalus root may cause minor adverse reactions in some individuals:
- Allergic reactions: Rash, itching, and nasal symptoms have been reported, particularly in those with preexisting sensitivities (51)
- Gastrointestinal upset: Mild nausea, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea may occur, especially at higher doses or with rapid dose escalation (52)
- Transient hypotension: A drop in blood pressure has been observed following intravenous administration, warranting monitoring during parenteral use (51)
Safety Precautions
To minimize risk and ensure safe use of Astragalus root, consider the following precautions:
- Consult healthcare providers: Individuals with autoimmune diseases (e.g., lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) or those on immunosuppressant medications (e.g., cyclosporine, tacrolimus) should discuss Astragalus use with a physician, as its immunostimulatory effects may reduce the efficacy of these drugs (50)
- Pregnancy and lactation: There is insufficient evidence on the safety of Astragalus during pregnancy and breastfeeding; therefore, its use is not recommended in these populations (50)
- Dosage adherence: Follow recommended dosages—typically 9–30 g of dried root per day—and avoid exceeding 50 g/day to prevent potential toxicity (53)
- Monitoring in clinical settings: Parenteral (IV) Astragalus administration should be performed under medical supervision, with vital signs monitored to detect transient hypotension (51)
- Long-term use considerations: While animal studies indicate high safety margins for short-term use, the long-term safety profile in humans requires further investigation; periodic evaluation of liver and kidney function is advisable for chronic users (50) (50)
By adhering to these safety guidelines and consulting credible research, individuals can more confidently incorporate Astragalus root into their health and wellness regimens while minimizing the risk of adverse effects.
Practical Tips for Incorporating Astragalus Root
Astragalus root is valued for its adaptogenic and immune-supporting properties. To integrate it safely into a wellness routine, start with a standardized extract or powder and adjust according to individual needs and tolerance. Consider the following evidence-based approaches:
- Use 500 mg of Astragalus root extract twice daily to help alleviate chronic fatigue symptoms in post-COVID-19 individuals, as demonstrated in a triple-blind, randomized clinical trial of nurses. (35)
- Incorporate 3 g of Astragalus root powder into your daily diet—either mixed into smoothies or sprinkled over meals—for at least 3–6 months to support kidney function and improve estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. (54)
- Take a standardized Astragalus-based supplement daily for 6 months to promote healthy aging through telomere length maintenance, as shown in a placebo-controlled trial that reported significant telomerase activation and longer median telomere lengths. (55)
Always consult a healthcare professional before beginning any herbal regimen, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.
Conclusion
Astragalus root, a cornerstone of traditional Chinese medicine, offers a multifaceted approach to wellness through its rich array of bioactive compounds—including saponins, polysaccharides, and flavonoids—that collectively support immune function, cardiovascular and renal health, metabolic balance, and healthy aging. Whether consumed as a decoction, powder, capsule, or tincture, it demonstrates antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, adaptogenic, and detoxifying properties, helping to bolster resilience against stress, infection, and chronic disease. Clinical and preclinical studies underscore its efficacy in modulating immune responses, regulating blood pressure and blood sugar, protecting liver and kidney function, and even attenuating cellular aging at the molecular level. Generally well tolerated, Astragalus is safe when used within recommended dosages, though occasional gastrointestinal upset, allergic reactions, or transient hypotension warrant monitoring, particularly during parenteral administration or in individuals with autoimmune conditions. By integrating Astragalus root into thoughtfully designed regimens under professional guidance, individuals can harness its holistic benefits to enhance vitality, support long-term health, and promote overall well-being.
Comments
comments