Category: A

An impure ingredient added into a preparation. An inexpensive substitute mixed with a pure drug or other substance. Added matter that lessens the purity, effectiveness, or reliability of a substance. The provided text pertains to a substance that is introduced into another material, typically a food item, with the intention of augmenting its volume while…

A class of G proteincoupled receptors that are targets of the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). Receptors in the brain and other organ systems (including, for example, the heart and blood vessels) that are the binding sites for the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine as well as for adrenergic drugs. Epinephrine plays an important role in…

Having to de with adrenaline (epinephrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Referring to neural activation by catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) as well as drugs with adrenaline-like action that are capable of binding adrenergic receptors. Contrast with cholinergic. A substance that binds to adrenergic neuroreceptors and produces an effect similar to the normal impulses…

Having had the adrenal glands surgically removed.  

Star-shaped endocrine glands that sit on top of the kidneys. Ductless glands that produce and secrete hormones. Some respond directly to chemical changes in the bloodstream; others are controlled by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland, under the control of the hypothalamus. Endocrine glands, one located on the top of each kidney. They secrete hormones…

Containing smooth pro-stressors which reduce reactivity of host defense systems and decrease damaging effects of various stressors due to increased basal level of mediators involved in the stress response.  

Body fat, loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes (fat cells). Its main role is to store energy, although it also cushions and insulates the body. Body fat storage tissue, distributed under the skin, around body organs and in body cavities – composed of cells that synthesise and store fat, releasing it for metabolism in fasting.…

A protein in humans that modulates several physiological processes, such as metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and immune responses. Hormone secreted by adipose tissue that seems to be involved in energy homeostasis; it enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, as well as oxidation of fatty acids in muscle.  

A fat cell involved in the synthesis and storage of fats. A fat-containing cell in adipose tissue. A cell that stores fat. Fat cell that makes up fatty tissue of the body.  

A class of purinergic, G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four adenosine receptors. A1 receptors and A2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. These two receptors also have important roles…