Mindblown: a blog about philosophy.

Nonopium drugs, formerly referred to as nonnarcotic; include such drugs as acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.  

Excessive urination at night. The necessity to get up at night to urinate. The fact of passing an unusually large quantity of urine during the night. Excessive urination at night; it may be due to excessive fluid intake before bedtime, to renal disorder, or, in older men, to prostatic disease (compare enuresis); also called nycturia.…

Pain theory that describes how pain is transformed from stimuli the body receives into the actual pain sensation through four processes: transduction, transmission, perception of pain, and modulation.  

Division or dissection of a nerve. A surgical operation to cut a nerve.  

Alteration in function or status in response to a stimulus of the nerve. Biologically active substances produced by neurons that enhance or diminish the effects of neurotransmitters. Some neuromodulators are substance P, cholecystokinin, and somatostatin.  

Hardening of structures within the kidney; generally associated with hypertension and disease of the renal arterioles. A kidney disease due to vascular change. Hardening of the vessels (arteries) of the kidney. A process that results in the replacement of healthy kidney structures by scar tissue. Nephrosclerosis is caused by hardening of the small arteries that…