A malignant tumor on the tongue that begins as a small lump or a thick, firm white patch. In time, the lump or patch becomes an ulcer with a firm, raised rim and a sensitive center that may bleed readily. This is a squamous cell carcinoma, meaning that when viewed under the microscope, the cells of the cancer are relatively flat, like skin cells. If left untreated, tongue cancer may spread throughout the mouth to the gums, floor of the mouth, lower jaw, and neck. Eventually, it can spread into other organs of the body, often the lungs. If the tumor enlarges, the tongue can become stiff and rigid. A large tumor can block the throat, interfering with normal speaking, swallowing, and breathing. It is one of the more serious forms of cancer that can occur in the mouth. Tongue cancer occurs most often in people who use tobacco, consume large amounts of alcohol, or wear dentures. A dentist often detects the first signs of tongue cancer during a routine dental examination. A growth on the tongue that may be painless and lasts more than lo to 20 days, becomes worse, or spreads rapidly should be examined by an otolaryngologist (a specialist in disorders of the ear, nose, and throat and related structures).
Characterized by its swift progression, this form of mouth cancer is considered the most severe. It primarily impacts individuals aged 40 and above, often linking to factors such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and inadequate oral hygiene. The region most frequently affected is the edge of the tongue. The initial indication could manifest as a minor ulcer featuring an elevated border, a white, thickened tissue patch termed leukoplakia, a fissure, or a solid, elevated mass.
Tongue cancer is diagnosed through a biopsy involving the sampling of tissue. Surgical removal is the approach for treating small tumors, particularly those situated at the tongue’s tip. Larger tumors or those that have metastasized usually necessitate radiotherapy for treatment.