Facts about Bird cherry

Prunus padus, commonly called Bird cherry, is a deciduous ornamental cherry tree belongs to Prunus-genus of Rosaceae-family. The plant is native to Europe and northern Asia, and has also been stated from Morocco in North Africa. Its range in Europe extends from northern Scandinavia, where it reaches the shore of the Arctic Ocean, to the northwest of Italy and the mountains of Spain and Portugal, although it is absent from the Mediterranean coastal region and the west of France. It occurs from Ireland and the UK eastwards to Croatia and Bulgaria, and then through northern Russia, the Caucasus region and the Himalayas to western Siberia. It has been introduced to North America, where it occurs in Alaska and parts of the northeastern USA and eastern Canada, but it is not considered to be a problematic or invasive species there. Few of the popular common names of the plant are European bird-cherry, Bird-cherry, Hackberry, Hog berry, Cerezo aliso, hag berry and Mayday tree. Genus name comes from Latin word which means plum or cherry tree. Specific epithet is the Greek name of a wild cherry.

Plant Description

Bird cherry is a deciduous small tree or large shrub that grows about 8- 16 m tall. The plant is found growing in streams and in moist open woods, usually on alkaline soils but also found on acid soils in upland areas, wet woodland, hedgerows, stream,  river banks, broad leaf woods, waterside thickets, forest margins. The plant can succeed in any soil, favoring a well-drained moisture-retentive loamy soil. It also prefers some lime in the soil but is likely to become chlorotic if too much lime is present. Bark is grey to brown in color and feels smooth but peels with age and turns the surface rough. It also produces a funny smell, which is unpleasantly bitter. Twigs are dark brown in color but have light markings on them. Shoots have small hairs on them but fall off with age.

Leaves

Leaves are ovate to obovate, 50-100 mm long, 30-60 mm wide, acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, finely serrulate, dark green above, glabrous or with white hairs along lower side midrib, firm and leathery with sunken veins. Petioles are stout 0.8-2 mm in diameter, 10-20 mm long, grooved, red with two prominent dark red/brown extra floral nectaries, one on each side of the distal end. The leaves turn a beautiful red, then yellow before falling in the autumn.

Flowers

Flowers appear in large clusters of up to forty flowers on each pendulous raceme making a stunning spring display.  The white flowers each have five petals, contain both male and female reproductive parts and have a strong almond scent. Flowering normally takes place from May and June. Pollination is carried out by bees and flies.

Fruit

Once the flowers have been pollinated by various insects they develop into a sub-globose or globose-ovoid, 6-8 mm long and about 5 mm wide drupe. This red fruit ripens through the summer and eventually turns into a dark purple-black due to the presence of anthocyanins. A fresh drupe weighs 130-210 mg. The texture of skin (exocarp) is shiny and glabrous. The edible outer layer (mesocarp) of fruits surrounds a stone (endocarp). The hard and globose stone contains one seed. The stony endocarp protects the seed physically.

Fruit although edible has a very bitter taste and contains a poisonous stone but birds such as the Robin, Redwing, Blackbird and Fieldfare, as the trees name suggests, love them, providing them with a valuable source of vitamin C and other minerals.  The seed is not digested by the birds and is therefore distributed far and wide through their droppings.  Apart from being an important food source for birds, many small mammals benefit from any of the fallen fruit.

Varieties

There are two varieties:

• European bird cherry Prunus padus var. padus, Europe and western Asia
• Asian bird cherry Prunus padus var. commutata, eastern Asia

Traditional uses and benefits of Bird Cherry

• In small quantities, hydrogen cyanide has been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer.
• Bark is mildly anodyne, diuretic, febrifuge and sedative.
• An infusion is used in the treatment of colds, feverish conditions etc.
• Bark is harvested when the tree is in flower and can be dried for later use.
• In the past the bird cherry has been used to treat both kidney and gall stones and when dissolved with wine, for the treatment of coughs.
• Bird cherry has also been used as eyewash for conjunctivitis, and to treat angina, bronchitis, anemia and various inflammatory diseases.

Culinary Uses

• Fruit can be consumed raw or cooked.
• Fruit usually has a bitter taste and is used mainly for making jam and preserves. Flowers can be chewed.
• Young leaves can be consumed after being cooked.
• Young leaves can be used as a boiled vegetable in Korea. Seed can be consumed raw or cooked.
• Tea is made from the bark.
• At one time berries were used for flavoring some alcoholic drinks.

Other Facts

• Green dye can be obtained from the leaves.
• Dark grey to green dye can be obtained from the fruit.
• Wood is hard, heavy, durable, easy to work, polishes well.
• Wood is much valued by cabinet makers, wooden boxes, tool handles, and cask hoops and for carving.
• Bark of the tree, placed at the door, was supposed to ward off plague.
• Bark produces a reddish brown dye and is used for dyeing fishing nets.
• At one time the people of Scotland thought it was a witch’s tree and there were warnings not to use the tree for any purpose.
• Foliage is toxic to all livestock but in particular to goats.
• Due to the barks very unpleasant odor, it is said that the placing of bird cherry twigs in barns and other outbuildings can keep rodents at bay.
• The sickly almond scented flowers attract many insects, particularly bees and flies.

Precautions

• Seed and leaves consist of hydrogen cyanide, a poison that gives almonds their characteristic flavor.
• This toxin is readily detected by its bitter taste. Usually bitter seed or fruit should not be eaten.
• In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death.
• The glycosides prulaurasin and amygdalin, which can be poisonous to some mammals, are present in some parts of P. padus, including the leaves, stems and fruits.

References:

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=24798#null

https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/31446/

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=30057

https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Prunus+padus

http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=g980\

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=prpa5

https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/172090/61616618

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/rjp-45

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prunus_padus

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PRNPA

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