Traditional uses and benefits of Coral berry

Coral berry scientifically known as Ardisia crenata is a species of flowering plant in the primrose family, Primulaceae. The plant is native to Asia temperate – Japan (Honshu (south), Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, and Shikoku); South Korea; Taiwan, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, SW Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang) to Bhutan and Asia tropical, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam, Malaysia and Philippines. This invasive species was introduced to the United States in the early twentieth century as an ornamental species. It was observed to have escaped cultivation in 1982. The plant is known by a variety of names such as Coral Ardisia, Coral Bush, Coralberry, Coralberry Tree, Hen’s-Eyes, Hilo Holly, Japanese Holy, Spear Flower, Spiceberry, Village Ardisia, Australian holly, Christmas berry, scratch throat, Brazil pepper, pink pepper and also Peruvian peppe.

The genus name Ardisia comes from the Greek word aradis meaning a point in reference to the pointed anthers of these flowering trees and shrubs. Specific epithet crenata is the feminine form of the Latin word crenatus, which means with blunt teeth. This most likely refers to the plant’s crenulate or notched leaf margins. The plant is harvested from the wild for local use as a food and a medicine. It is often grown as an ornamental, valued especially for its dark foliage and red berries. It can also be grown as a hedge. Preparations made from the root of Ardisia crenata are used as an ingredient in traditional Chinese medicine.

Coral Berry Facts

Plant Description

Coral berry is a small, ornamental, erect, perennial, evergreen shrub or small tree that normally grows up to 1.5m tall, growing in multi stemmed clumps with only flowering branches. The plant is found growing in closed forests, hillsides, valleys, shrubby areas, dark damp places, lowlands, near forest margins and along waterways, invades scrub, sand hill, mesic flat woods, hydric hammocks, bottomland forests, maritime ham-mocks, lake shores, ruderal communities, pastures, old fields, fencerows, railroads and roadsides. The plant grows on all soil types from acid to alkaline soils provided they are well drained. It prefers partial shade but can withstand full sun. The plant performs poorly in cold climate and is killed by hard freeze.

Stem

The stems are usually only branched in the upper part of the plant. The younger branches are rounded about 3-4 mm thick and green in color. Stems and leaves are generally hairless (i.e. glabrous) throughout. Twigs are flexible, slender, and brown. The young twigs have curved white hairs, becoming smooth with age. Bark is brown, peeling into small, short flakes that are easily rubbed off or shredded into long, thin strips. The wood is soft, nearly white, with small pith.

Leaves

The simple leaves are 5-20 cm long and 1-4 cm wide and are alternately arranged and dark green in color. They are relatively thick and leathery in nature and narrowly oval or elongated in shape (i.e. elliptic-lanceolate or oblanceolate. These leaves are glossy and dark green above with paler and duller undersides and have slightly toothed (i.e. crenulate) or finely wavy (i.e. undulate) margins. They are borne on short stalks (i.e. petioles) about 3-10 mm long and have pointed tips (i.e. acute to acuminate apices). Each leaf has a central vein with 12-18 pairs of side veins (i.e. lateral nerves), which are slightly raised on the lower surface and merge into a distinct vein along the leaf margin (i.e. a marginal nerve).

Flowers

The flowers are small, white to reddish-pink in color, and fragrant. They are borne in clusters on flowering branches 4-16 cm long. These flowering branches usually divide into several smaller branches (i.e. rays) 2-4 cm long, each of which bear numerous flowers on stalks (i.e. pedicels) 5-10 mm long, which elongate further when in fruit. The flowers are 4-6 mm across and usually have five small sepals (1-2.5 mm long) with rounded tips (i.e. obtuse apices), five petals, and five stamens. The five white, or occasionally pinkish, petals are about 4 mm long and are slightly joined together at the base and have pointed tips (i.e. acute apices). Under close inspection, numerous tiny black spots can be seen on the flowers when they are young (i.e. they are black punctate). Flowering normally starts from April to October.

Fruit

Fertile flowers are followed by showy bright to dark red berries actually drupes that can remain on the plant for several months. These fruit are initially green in color but turn various shades of red as they mature. Populations with white berries also exist. They are rounded (i.e. globose) in shape, glossy in appearance, and 5-8 mm across. Seeds are hard, egg-shaped, flattened on one side, white, and smooth. They are normally one seeded and seeds are able to germinate under a dense canopy and are dispersed by birds and humans. Berries are dispersed by birds and, when present, raccoons through consumption and subsequent excretion and also by water flow.

 Traditional uses and benefits of Coral berry

• The plant is widely used as the traditional medicine to cure diseases, e.g. pulmonary tuberculosis, hepatitis, chronic bronchitis and irregular menstruation.
• Its roots have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of several kinds of diseases including tonsillitis, tooth- ache, trauma, arthralgia, and respiratory tract infections, and menstrual disorders, parasitoses and also to stimulate blood circulation.
• The root also has anti-fertility effects.
• The leaves are crushed and applied to scurf; it is also applied to the ears in the treatment of earache.
• Juice is used internally against fever, cough, and diarrhea and also used to treat infections of the respiratory tract and menstrual disorders.
• Roots are used in combination with other medicinal plants to wash-out dirty blood in women who suffer from menstrual pain in Thailand.
• The root is anodyne, depurative, febrifuge, antidotal, and diuretic and is used to stimulate blood circulation.
• The leaves are being investigated as a remedy to stop asthmatic contractions and spasms.
• Plant consists of a medicinal substance known as FR900359 that could treat several diseases, including asthma, hypertension and uveal melanoma.
• In Kampung Bawong, Perak, West Malaysia, juice from crushed whole plant used to treat fever, earaches and skin diseases.
• Decoction drunk for broken bones and sprains are also made using the plant.
• Juices from the roots are used to treat coughs, fever, and diarrhea, while a decoction is taken as post-labor tonic.

Culinary Uses

• Young leaves are used in salads.
• The small fruits are sweet and edible.
• The leaves are also taken as vegetable in salads.
• Young shoots eaten as ulam with sambal belachan.

Prevention and Control

Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product’s label.

Prevention

Limit planting and remove existing plants within the landscape. If possible, removal should occur before the plant produces seeds. As fruits containing seeds remain on plants for several months, care should be taken not to spread fruits and seeds during the removal process.

Public awareness

Humans are the primary mechanism for long-distance dispersal of A. crenata; therefore constraining transmission by human endeavor is the best way to restrict introduction and establishment of populations.

Control

Cultural control

Cultural management is difficult once the plant has become established, but good ground cover would limit seedling establishment.

Mechanical control

For small or isolated infestations, hand-pulling of plants is effective for seedling control. Larger plants can be cut or burned, but re-growth from roots and root crowns needs monitoring for at least a year. Roots are unable to re-sprout if they are severed from the root crown; therefore root crown removal is essential to prevent re-growth after mechanical control.

Biological control

There are no known biological control agents for Ardisia crenata. However, because invading populations are thought to have originated in China, potential sources of biological control might be found there, within its native range.

Chemical control

Herbicides are effective, but the waxy leaves may prevent some uptake; care should be taken to avoid targeting desirable plants with herbicide applications. One herbicide trial found that application to mature plants suppressed plant cover for 12 months, with highly variable seedling cover within the same period; monitoring and re-treatment at 12 months was recommended for further suppression, especially for emerging seedlings.

References:

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2647788

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=183614#null

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/ardisia_crenata.htm

https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ardisia+crenata

https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/119055

https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282841

https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ADACN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardisia_crenata

https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/ardisia_crenata.htm

http://www.stuartxchange.com/CoralBerry.html

https://www.invasive.org/weedcd/pdfs/srs/2008/Ardisia.pdf

https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=3008

https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/flora/3/4/3436

https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/ardisia-crenata/

http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Ardisia+crenata

https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ARCR80

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