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    Home»Herbs and Spices»Facts about Cockspur Grass
    Herbs and Spices

    Facts about Cockspur Grass

    By SylviaNovember 14, 2021Updated:November 15, 2021No Comments16 Mins Read
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    Cockspur grass Quick Facts
    Name: Cockspur grass
    Scientific Name: Echinochloa crus-galli
    Origin Africa, Asia, Australasia; Europe, Northern America and Southern America
    Colors Pale yellow
    Shapes Seeds are 1.3 to 2.2 mm long, hard, shiny, pale yellow, and rounded on one surface but flattened on the other
    Health benefits Support for carbuncles, hemorrhages, sores, indigestion, spleen trouble, cancer, blood sugar, cholesterol and wounds
    Cockspur grass scientifically known as Echinochloa crus-galli is a type of wild grass belonging to Poaceae / Gramineae (Grass family). The plant is native to Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan, Egypt, Morocco,  Tunisia, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Guinea, Senegal, Madagascar and Mauritius);  Asia  (China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Palestine, Lebanon, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal; Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Indonesia,  Malaysia and Philippines). It is commonly known as barnyard grass, barnyard millet, barn grass, billion dollar grass, chicken panic grass, cocksfoot panicum, cockspur, cockspur grass, German grass, Japanese millet, Japanese barnyard millet, panic grass, water grass, wild millet and cockspur grass.

    It is considered one of the world’s worst weeds, it reduces crop yields and causes forage crops to fail by removing up to 80% of the available soil nitrogen. It acts as a host for several mosaic virus diseases. Heavy infestations can interfere with mechanical harvesting. Individual plants can produce up to 40,000 seeds per year. Water, birds, insects, machinery, and animal feet disperse it, but contaminated seed is probably the most common dispersal method. The plant is occasionally gathered from the wild for local use as a food and medicine. It is sometimes cultivated for its edible seed in India, and is also sometimes grown in soil reclamation projects.

    Cockspur Grass Facts

    Name Cockspur grass
    Scientific Name Echinochloa crus-galli
    Native Africa (Tanzania, Uganda, Sudan,    Egypt,  Morocco,  Tunisia,    Mozambique,  South  Africa,  Swaziland,    Guinea,    Senegal, Madagascar and Mauritius);  Asia  (China,  Japan, Korea,  Taiwan,    Uzbekistan, Afghanistan,    Iran,  Iraq, Palestine,  Lebanon,  Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal;  Pakistan,  Sri  Lanka, Cambodia,    Laos,  Myanmar,  Thailand,  Vietnam,  Indonesia,  Malaysia and    Philippines);  Australasia;  Europe  (Belarus, Estonia, Ukraine,  Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,  Germany,  Netherlands,   Switzerland,  Denmark and  Norway); Northern America (Mexico); Pacific (U.S. Outlying Islands  – Johnston  Atoll,  Midway Islands,  United  States  –  Hawaii,    Marshall  Islands,  Micronesia,  French Polynesia and  New Caledonia); Southern  America  (Brazil,  Venezuela,    Argentina,  Chile,    Paraguay,    Uruguay,    Colombia  and  Peru)
    Common Names Barnyard grass, barnyard millet, barn grass, billion dollar grass, chicken panic grass, cocksfoot panicum, cockspur, cockspur grass, German grass, Japanese millet, Japanese barnyard millet, panic grass, water grass, wild millet, cockspur grass
    Name in Other Languages Albanian: Muhar
    Arabic: Dhunaybah, Deniêbâ
    Argentina: Arroz silvestre, cresta gallo, grama de agua, gramilla, pasto colorado
    Australia: Chicken panic
    Bangladesh: Sharma
    Belarusian: Bryca (Брыца)
    Bengali: Buṛāśyāmā ghāsa (বুড়াশ্যামা ঘাস)
    Bikol: Lagtom
    Bontoc: Sasablog
    Brazil: Barbudinho
    Bulgarian: Petl’ovo proso (петльово просо), daradžan (дараджан)
    Burmese: Myet ihi
    Cambodia: Smao bek kbol
    Catalan: Pota de gall, Serreig, xereix pota de gall              
    Chinese: Bai (稗),  Shui bai,  Shui bai cao,  Bai cao,  Ye can zi
    Cuba: Arrocillo, pata de cao, pata de gallo
    Czech:  Ježatka kurí noha
    Danish: Almindelig Hanespore, Hanespore, almindelig hanespore,
    Dutch:  Barnyard gierst, Hanepoot, Europese hanenpoot, vogelpoot
    English: Barnyard grass, Barnyard millet, Cocksfoot, Cockspur, Cock’s foot, Prickly grass, Cockspur grass, Cockshin grass, Cockspur-panic, Water grass, Wild millet, Large barnyard grass, Common barnyard grass, baronet grass, cocksfoot grass, cockshin grass, Japanese millet, jungle rice, common barnyard grass
    Estonian: Tähk-kukehirss
    Finnish: Kananhirssi, Rikkakananhirssi
    French: Panic pied de coq, Pied de coq, Échinochloa pied-de-coq, Oplismène pied-de-coq, Panic des marais, bourgon, crête de coq, ergot de coq, millard, pattes de poule, millet pied-de-coq
    German: Huehnerhirse, Hühnerhirse, Gewöhnliche Hühnerhirse, Huehnerfuss-Hirse, Hahnenkammhirse, Gemeine, Hahnenfußhirse Ackerhühnerhirse, gemeine Hühnerfennich, gemeine Hühnerhirse, gewöhnlicher Hühnerhirse
    Hebrew: Dachenit hattamegolim, דָּחְנִית הַתַּרְנְגּוֹלִים          
    Hindi: Sanwak, Samaw, Samak, kayada, Sānvā ghāsa (सांवा घास)
    Hungarian: Tömött kakaslábfű, közönséges kakaslábfű
    Ifugao: Baobao
    Indonesia: Padi burung, dwajan
    Inupiaq: Pikniq
    Italian: Giavone, Giavone comune (Switzerland), Pabbio, Panico bastardo, Panico selvatico, Panicastrella (Switzerland), Zampa di gallo, Panicastrella di palude, Panicastrella d’acqua, Panico di risai, pabbione, panicastrella, panico piede di gallo, piè di gallo
    Japanese: Inu bie (いぬびえ),  No bie (ノビエ),  Hie, Ke inubie (ケ イヌビエ), ta-in-ubie, ke-inubie,
    Javanese: Kejawan
    Kabardian Circassian: BajekӀetsӀyne  (БажэкӀэцӀынэ)
    Kapampangan: Palepalayan
    Kazakh: Qonaq tarı (Қонақ тары)
    Khmer: Smao bek kbol
    Kirghiz: Kürmök (Күрмөк)
    Korean:  Pi (피), pissal (피쌀), dolpi (돌피)
    Latvian: Parastā gaiļsāre               
    Lithuanian: Paprastoji rietmenė
    Malay: Padi burong, Padi burung (Indonesia), Rumput kekusa besar, Rumput sambau, Jawan
    Malayalam: Kavaṭṭa (കവട്ട)
    Manobo: Dauana
    Nepali: Saamaa, Tunde saamaa (तुन्दे सामा)
    Mexico: Arroz Silvestre, gramilla de rastrojo
    Myanmar: Myet-hi
    Netherlands: Hanepoot
    Norwegian:  Hønsehirse
    Occitan: Gaupeilh, pè de hasa, pè de pout
    Persian: سوروف
    Philippines: Bayokibok, daua-daua
    Polish: Chwastnica jednostronna, kurza stopa
    Portuguese:  Capim-arroz, Capim-canevão, Capim-de-capivara, Capim-jaú, Capim-pavão, Capim-pé-de-galinha, canarana; capim-andrequicé; capim-capivara; capim-quicé; milha-maior; milha-pe-de-galo , meã, milhagem, milhã, milhã-grada, milhã-vermelha, pé-de-galinha, barbudinho, capim-da-colônia
    Romanian: Iarbă bărboasă                                          
    Russian: Yezhovnik obyknovennyy (Ежовник обыкновенный), Kurinoe proso (Куриное просо), Petush’e proso (Петушье просо), ezhovnik Petush’e proso (ежовник Петушье просо), kuzinoye proso (кузиное просо)               
    Sanskrit: Varuka
    Serbian:  Veliki muhar (велики мухар)
    Slovak: Ježatka kuria
    Slovene: Navadna kostreba
    Spanish: Pata de gallo, Zacate de agua, Pie de gallina, Capín arroz, Mijo de los arrozales, Arrocillo, Gramilla-de-rastrojo, Pasto-colorado, Pé-de-galo, barbarroja, cola de caballo, hualcacho, jaraz fina, mijo japonés, pagarropa, panicello, pasto rayado, pierna o pata de gallo, zacate de agua, arrocilla, hierba hortelana, pierna de gallo, cresta de gallo, grama de agua, panissola, cerreig, hualcacho, mijo japonés, hierba de corral, pega ropa, zacate de agua                
    Sri Lanka: Kutirai-val-pul, martu
    Sundanese: Jajagoan, Gagajahan
    Swedish: Hönshirs, Rikkakananhirssi
    Tagalog: Bayokibok, daua-daua
    Tajik: Kurmak (Курмак)
    Tamil: Cāmai (சாமை), Varaku (வரகு)
    Telugu:  Cama (చామ)  Sāma (cāma, ṭsāma)
    Thai:  H̄ỵ̂ā k̄ĥāwnk (หญ้าข้าวนก) Yaa kaao nok , Ya plonglaman, hay kai mangda; ya-plong, H̄ỵ̂ā pl̂xng lamān (หญ้าปล้องละมาน)
    Turkish: Pirinc otu, Dineba, darıcan
    Ukrainian: Ploskukha zvychayna (плоскуха звичайна)
    Upper Sorbian: Kurjaca jahlička
    Urdu: سانوا گھاس
    Uzbek: Qorakurmak
    Vietnamese: Cỏ lồng vực, song chong
    Welsh: Cibogwellt Rhydd
    Plant Growth Habit Tall, robust, non-rhizomatous, quick growing, warm-season annual grass
    Growing Climates Ditches or stream beds, and in cultivated fields, paddy fields, rice fields, swampy places, along roadsides, ditches, waste places, waterways, wetlands, wet meadows, floodplains, lakeshores and fallow fields
    Soil Grows best in rich, moist soils with a high nitrogen content, but it can also thrive on sands and loamy soils
    Plant Size 0.8–1.5 m tall
    Root Fibrous root system
    Stem Stems may be solitary or in small tufts, erect or reclining at the base, up to 6.6 feet tall
    Leaf Elongated leaves are alternate, 5-50 cm (2-20 in.) long, 6-22 mm (¼-¾ in.) wide, flat, deep green or somewhat purplish, hairless or with 1 to 3 solitary hairs near the base of the blade
    Flowering season July to September
    Flower The panicle (loose and non-symmetrical cluster of flowers) is green or purple, densely branched, protruding, slightly drooping and can range from 8-30 cm in length. The erect branches are sessile (attached to the main stem) and 5 cm long.
    Fruit Shape & Size Grains (seeds) are 1.3 to 2.2 mm long, hard, shiny, pale yellow, and rounded on one surface but flattened on the other
    Fruit Color Pale yellow
    Propagation By seed
    Season August to October
    Precautions
    • This grass has been reported to accumulate levels of nitrate in its tissues high enough to be toxic to farm animals.
    • This problem is most likely to occur when plants are fed with inorganic fertilizers.

    Plant Description

    Cockspur grass is a tall, robust, non-rhizomatous, quick growing, warm-season annual grass that normally grows about 0.8–1.5 m tall. The plant is found growing in ditches or stream beds, in cultivated fields, paddy fields, swampy places, along roadsides, ditches, waste places, waterways, wetlands, wet meadows, floodplains, lakeshores and fallow fields. The plant grows best in rich, moist soils with high nitrogen content, but it can also thrive on sands and loamy soils. The plant has fibrous root system. Stems are erect, hairless, spreading or lying horizontally on the ground and bending upwards but rooting from nodes in contact with the soil. Stems are 5-150 cm (2in.-5ft) long, coarse, smooth, usually round in cross-section but occasionally much flattened.

    Leaves

    Elongated leaves are alternate, 5-50 cm (2-20 in.) long, 6-22 mm (¼-¾ in.) wide, flat, deep green or somewhat purplish, hairless or with 1 to 3 solitary hairs near the base of the blade. Leaf sheaths are usually hairless, occasionally with a few hairs along the edges, and lower sheaths are commonly purplish. The ligule (membrane where the leaf joins the sheath) is lacking, the juncture smooth and pale to purplish. Nodes are hairless; sometimes the lower nodes are minutely hairy.

    Flower

    The panicle (loose and non-symmetrical cluster of flowers) is green or purple, densely branched, protruding, slightly drooping and can range from 8-30 cm in length. The erect branches are sessile (attached to the main stem) and 5 cm long. Ovoid spikelets (individual flower with a cluster) are pale green to dull purple, densely arranged on branches, and are short-bristly along veins. Fertile lemma (specialized bracts enclosing a floret) is pale yellow, ovate to elliptic, acute, lustrous, and smooth and 3-3.5 mm long. Flowering normally takes place in between July to September.

    Fruit

    The whole spikelet drops away when mature, leaving a naked stem behind. Grains (seeds) are 1.3 to 2.2 mm long, hard, shiny, pale yellow, and rounded on one surface but flattened on the other. It is enclosed within the persistent lemma and palea.

    Close-up-of-awnless-flower-spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass Close-up-of-awnless-flower-spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass
    Close-up-of-awnless-seeds-of-Cockspur-grass Close-up-of-awnless-seeds-of-Cockspur-grass
    Cockspur-grass-plant Cockspur-grass-plant
    Close-up-of-awned-flower-spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass Close-up-of-awned-flower-spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass
    Florets-of-Cockspur-grass Florets-of-Cockspur-grass
    Cockspur-grass-growing-wild Cockspur-grass-growing-wild
    Leaves-of-Cockspur-grass Leaves-of-Cockspur-grass
    Seedling-of-Cockspur-grass Seedling-of-Cockspur-grass
    Sketch-of-Cockspur-grass Sketch-of-Cockspur-grass
    Mature-seeds-on-the-seedhead-of-Cockspur-grass Mature-seeds-on-the-seedhead-of-Cockspur-grass
    Plant-illustration-of-Cockspur-grass Plant-illustration-of-Cockspur-grass
    Spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass Spikelets-of-Cockspur-grass
    Cockspur grass Image Gallery

    Traditional uses and benefits of Cockspur grass

    • Barnyard grass is a folk remedy for treating carbuncles, hemorrhages, sores, spleen trouble, cancer and wounds.
    • The shoots and/or the roots are applied as a styptic to wounds.
    • The plant is a tonic, acting on the spleen.
    • In ethno medicine, it has been used to cure spleen diseases.
    • The roots are boiled to cure indigestion in the Philippines.
    • Barnyard grass effectively lowers blood sugar and cholesterol when consumed, according to Yonhap.

    Culinary Uses

    • Seed can be consumed after being cooked.
    • It is used as millet; it can be cooked whole or be ground into flour before use.
    • It has a good flavor and can be used in porridges, macaroni, dumplings etc.
    • The seed is rather small, though fairly easy to harvest.
    • Young shoots, stem tips and the heart of the culm can be consumed raw or cooked.
    • Food-type barnyard millets are used as staple.
    • The grain is parched, roasted, boiled, ground into flour.
    • It can be popped like popcorn.
    • In Japan, it is used to make macaroni and dumplings.
    • The grain is roasted and used as a coffee substitute.
    • Indian barnyard millet can safely replace rice grain for some traditional preparations in India.
    • In the Hisar district of the Indian state of Haryana the seeds of this grass are commonly eaten with cultivated rice grains to make rice pudding or khir on Hindu fast days.

    Other Facts

    • The plant is sometimes used, especially in Egypt, for the reclamation of saline and alkaline areas.
    • A single plant may produce as many as 40,000 seeds
    • It is also suited for silage, but not for hay.
    • It is fed green to animals and provides fodder throughout the year; hay made from this plant can be kept up to 6 years.
    • Grass is also used for reclamation of saline and alkaline areas, particularly in Egypt.
    • This grass is readily eaten by wild animals: rabbits, deer, waterfowls, etc.
    • Barnyard grass completes its lifecycle in 42 to 64 days and it produces up to 42.000 seed per season.

    Prevention and Control

    Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product’s label.

    Cultural Control

    Hand weeding can be effective if adequate labor is available, but when young, E. crus-galli is hard to distinguish from young rice, making hand weeding very difficult.

    Bhatia et al. found that high populations of E. crus-galli in rice fields were due to new seed added every season. Pot and field studies revealed that 97.7% of the seed reserves were exhausted in one season, and by the third season the soil was free of viable seed. Farmyard manure and other organic fertilizers can be major sources of weed seeds, including E. crus-galli, but these lose their viability after being subjected to anaerobic fermentation for one month.

    Deep water flooding (up to 22 cm) can provide good control of E. crus-galli in rice. Water-sowing, a method of direct-broadcast sowing of rice began in California, USA, during the 1920s as a cultural method to control E. crus-galli var. crus-galli by continuously-flooded water management.

    The use of Azolla in transplanted irrigated rice failed to suppress E. crus-galli var. hispidula, which increased by 226.4%, whereas some weeds were suppressed. Field and laboratory studies in Asia have indicated that some rice cultivars exhibited strong allopathic effects against E. crus-galli.

    Chung (1995) found that dried lucerne residues inhibited germination and seedling growth of the weeds E. crus-galli, Siegesbechia viridis and Portulaca oleracea, as well as several crops.

    Different tillage systems in soybean and maize fields in northern Italy have been shown to profoundly alter the weed community, with species linked to increased disturbance being annuals, such as E. crus-galli.

    Biological Control

    Tsukamoto describes using virulent isolates of Exserohilum monoceras and Cochliobolus sativus to achieve an approximate 80% reduction in dry matter of different botanical varieties of E. crus-galli. Zhang studied optimal temperature and dew-point for the development of E. monoceras on E. crus-galli and E. colonum after inoculation. E. monoceras continues to be the most studied potential bio control agent, with Tosiah et al. evaluating its effects at different leaf development stages and on different varieties of E. crus-galli. In surveys in Malaysia, Tosiah et al.  found E. monoceras, E. longirostratum and Curvularia lunata among the fungi present on diseased E. crus-galli plants. E. monoceras was consistently found associated with the disease, virulent, stable and with the ability to produce spores profusely in culture, suggesting that it could be used as a biocontrol agent.

    Li Jing et al. (2013) evaluated Cochliobolus lunatus as a potential mycoherbicide for barnyard grass, and found that one particular virulent strain was highly pathogenic at the 1- to 2.5-leaf stages, and was safe to rice. It is suggested that this strain could be a potential mycoherbicide for barnyard grass control in paddy fields in the future. Zhang et al. found high mortality in E. crus-galli from a strain of Bipolaris eleusines, with no pathogenicity to rice, maize or wheat. Jyothi et al. (2013) report trials with C. lunatus and Alternaria alternata, achieving 100% mortality of the target weed and no effect on rice.

    In a review of research progress on mycoherbicides for control of E. crus-galli in rice in China, Zhang et al. (2011) suggest that mass production and formulation technologies have proved to be the major stumbling blocks that hinder bio-herbicide development.

    A zearalenone derivative extracted from Drechslera portulacae, a pathogen of purslane (Portulaca oleracea), inhibited root length of E. crus galli and Abutilon threophrasti in pot experiments.

    Chemical Control

    The use of herbicides against E. crus-galli has been widespread and it is susceptible to a wide range of herbicides used in rice cultivation, including butachlor, butralin, cinmethylin, chlomethoxyfen, fenoxaprop, glyphosate, molinate, oxadiazon, oxyfluorfen, paraquat, pendimethalin, piperophos, pretilachlor, propanil, quinclorac and thiobencarb.

    Field trials in the Korea Republic showed that 2 applications of herbicide using butachlor or thiobencarb 3 days after sowing and followed by tank-mixed bentazone + quinclorac 50 days after sowing were necessary to control E. crus-galli. Studies in the USA showed late-season control with pendimethalin + quinclorac was more effective than pendimethalin, quinclorac, thiobencarb, or pendimethalin + thiobencarb. Control using pendimethalin, quinclorac and pendimethalin + thiobencarb exceeded that with thiobencarb. Propanil + molinate controlled E. crus-galli more effectively than propanil.

    The introduction and spread of E. oryzoides and E. phyllopogon in California, USA, have caused rice farmers to rely on herbicides such as molinate or propanil to protect the crop from serious losses in yield and grain quality. Propanil-resistant E. crus-galli was initially found in Arkansas, USA, during 1990, and was the result of dependence upon propanil for a long period. Propanil formulations tank-mixed with quinclorac, thiobencarb or pendimethalin were effective for controlling resistant and susceptible biotypes when applied post-emergence, whereas quinclorac and mixtures of quinclorac with pendimethalin and thiobencarb were very effective when applied pre-emergence. Malik et al. (1996) reported herbicide resistance in E. crus-galli against butachlor and thiobencarb. In Spain, E. crus-galli var. hispidula (in rice) showed resistance to quinclorac, whereas E. crus-galli var. crus-galli (in maize), showed resistance to atrazine. An analysis of 4 isoenzymes from 3 different biotypes of E. crus-galli with tolerance to quinclorac from Spain showed different enzyme PAGE patterns.

    In the Philippines, Juliano et al. (2010) confirmed for the first time that E. crus-galli populations were resistant to both chloroacetamide (butachlor)- and acetanilide (propanil)-group herbicides commonly used in direct-seeded rice in the Philippines. In Arkansas, Riar et al. (2012) describe resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides. Panozzo et al. (2013) also found resistance to at least one ALS-inhibiting herbicide in 14 E. crus-galli populations in Italy. It is suggested that ALS-resistant, and especially ALS- and ACCase multiple resistant barnyard grass are threatening the sustainability of Italian rice crops due to the lack of alternative post-emergence herbicides.

    Ma et al. (2014) discuss the control of quinclorac-resistant E. crus-galli in China, and found that that penoxsulam and bispyribac-sodium gave effective control.

    References:

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502210#null

    http://www.hear.org/pier/species/echinochloa_crus_galli.htm

    https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=14823

    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Echinochloa+crus-galli

    https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/20367

    https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ECHCG

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-410191

    https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/echinochloa_crusgalli.htm

    https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/graminoid/echcru/all.html

    https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/FactSheet.aspx?Species_ID=2664

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinochloa_crus-galli

    https://www.feedipedia.org/node/720

    https://www.nordic-baltic-genebanks.org/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=14823

    https://www.minnesotawildflowers.info/grass-sedge-rush/barnyard-grass

    http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Barnyard%20Grass.html

    https://spain.inaturalist.org/taxa/60283-Echinochloa-crus-galli

    https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ECCR

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    Cockspur grass Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Echinochloa crus-galli

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Sub Division Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames)
    Class Liliopsida (Monocotyledons)
    Subclass Commelinidae
    Super Order Lilianae  (monocots, monocotyledons, monocotyledons)
    Order Cyperales
    Family Poaceae / Gramineae (Grass family)
    Genus Echinochloa P. Beauv. (cockspur grass)
    Species Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. (barnyardgrass)
    Variety
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. – large barnyardgrass 
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm.               
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis (Kunth) Hitchc.
    Synonyms
    • Echinochloa caudata Roshev.
    • Echinochloa commutata Schult.
    • Echinochloa crus-corvi (L.) P.Beauv.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. aristata (Vasinger) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. atra (Kuntze) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Doell.) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. breviseta (Gaudin) P.Silva
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. echinata (Willd.) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. exigua (Holuby) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. longiseta (Trin.) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. mitis (Pursh) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. mixta (A.F.Schwarz) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. mutica (Vasinger) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. purpurea (Pursh) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. rohlenae (Domin) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. submutica (Neilr.) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. viridissima (Honda) Kitag.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. vittata F.T.Hubb.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli f. zelayensis (Kunth) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. aristata (Vasinger) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. atra (Kuntze) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. austrojaponensis Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. breviseta (Döll) Neilr.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. caudata (Roshev.) Tzvelev
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. echinata (Willd.) Honda
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. exigua (Holub) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. formosensis Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. kasaharae Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. longiseta (Döll) Podp.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. mitis (Pursh) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. mixta (A.F.Schwarz) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. mutica (Vasinger) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. praticola Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. purpurea (Pursh) Farw.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. rohlenae (Domin) Soó
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. spiralis (Vasinger) Tzvelev
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. submutica (Neilr.) Honda
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. submutica (Neilr.) Morariu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. vittata F.T.Hubb.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli subsp. zelayensis (Kunth) Shinners
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. angustifolia (Doell.) Podp.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Gray
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Opiz
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. aristata Opiz ex Bercht.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. austrojaponensis Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. breviseta (Doell.) Podp.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. breviseta (Gaudin) Neilr.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. caudata (Roshev.) Kitag.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. crus-corvi (L.) Mathieu
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. echinata (Willd.) Honda
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. elata Gruner, 1869
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. formosensis Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. kasaharae Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. longiseta (Doell.) Podp.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. longiseta (Döll) Neilr.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. mitis (Pursh) Peterm.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. mucronata Rchb., 1850
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. mutica (Elliott) Rydb.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. mutica Wooton & Standl.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. pauciflora (Asch. & Graebn.) Podp.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. praticola Ohwi
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. pumila (Goiran) P.Fourn., 1934
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. pumila Gruner
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica G.Mey.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica Neilr.
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. submutica Opiz, 1836
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. viridissima Honda
    • Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis (Kunth) Hitchc.
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis subsp. austrojaponensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis subsp. breviseta (Döll) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis subsp. praticola (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. austrojaponensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. breviseta (Gaudin) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crus-pavonis var. praticola (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa crusgalli subsp. error
    • Echinochloa disticha St.-Lag.
    • Echinochloa dubia Roem. & Schult.
    • Echinochloa echinata (Willd.) Nakai
    • Echinochloa echinata Roem & Schult.
    • Echinochloa formosensis (Ohwi) S.L.Dai
    • Echinochloa glabrescens Kossenko
    • Echinochloa hispida (G.Forst.) Schult.
    • Echinochloa macrocarpa subsp. aristata Vasinger
    • Echinochloa macrocarpa subsp. mutica Vasinger
    • Echinochloa macrocarpa var. aristata Vasinger
    • Echinochloa macrocarpa var. mutica Vasinger
    • Echinochloa macrocorvi Nakai
    • Echinochloa madagascariensis Mez
    • Echinochloa micans Kossenko
    • Echinochloa muricata subsp. occidentalis Wiegand
    • Echinochloa muricata var. occidentalis Wiegand
    • Echinochloa occidentalis (Wiegand) Rydb.
    • Echinochloa paracorvi Nakai
    • Echinochloa persistentia Z.S.Diao
    • Echinochloa pungens subsp. occidentalis (Wiegand) Fernald & Griscom
    • Echinochloa pungens var. occidentalis (Wiegand) Fernald & Griscom
    • Echinochloa spiralis Vasinger
    • Echinochloa tzvelevii Mosyakin
    • Echinochloa tzvelevii Mosyakin ex Mavrodiev & H.Scholz
    • Echinochloa zelayense (Kunth) Schult.
    • Echinochloa zelayensis (Kunth) Schult.
    • Echinochloa zenkowskii Schltdl.
    • Festuca pratensis var. subspicata (G.Mey.) Asch. & Graebn., 1900
    • Ischaemum glabrescens Ham.
    • Ischaemum glabrescens Ham. ex Hook.f.
    • Milium crus-galli (L.) Moench
    • Oplismenus crus-corvi (L.) Dumort.
    • Oplismenus crus-galli (L.) Dumort.
    • Oplismenus crus-galli subsp. muticus (Elliott) Alph.Wood
    • Oplismenus crus-galli var. depauperatus N.H.F.Desp., 1838
    • Oplismenus crus-galli var. muticus (Elliott) Alph.Wood
    • Oplismenus crus-galli var. muticus N.H.F.Desp., 1838
    • Oplismenus dubius (Roem. & Schult.) Kunth
    • Oplismenus echinatus (Willd.) Kunth
    • Oplismenus limosus J.Presl
    • Oplismenus zelayensis Kunth
    • Orthopogon crus-galli (L.) Spreng.
    • Orthopogon echinatus (Willd.) Spreng.
    • Panicum alectorocnemum St.-Lag.
    • Panicum alectromerum Dulac
    • Panicum corvi Thunb.
    • Panicum corvipes Stokes
    • Panicum cristagalli Gromov
    • Panicum cristagalli Gromov ex Trautv.
    • Panicum crus-corvi L.
    • Panicum crus-galli L.
    • Panicum crus-galli f. atra Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli f. exiguum Holuby
    • Panicum crus-galli f. gouanii Rouy, 1913
    • Panicum crus-galli f. hispidum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli f. mixtum A.F.Schwarz
    • Panicum crus-galli f. rohlenae Domin
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. angustifolium Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. aristatum Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. atra Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. breviaristatum Ehrh
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. brevisetum Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. echinatum (Willd.) Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. exiguum Holuby
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. hispidum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. longiaristatum Ehrh.
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. longisetum Trin.
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. mite Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. mixtum A.F.Schwarz
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. muticum Elliott
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. prostratum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. pumilum Goiran
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. purpureum Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. pygmaeum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. rohlenae Domin
    • Panicum crus-galli subsp. zelayense (Kunth) Stratman
    • Panicum crus-galli var. angustifolium Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli var. aquaticum Bastard, 1809
    • Panicum crus-galli var. aristatum Graves, 1857
    • Panicum crus-galli var. aristatum Mutel, 1837
    • Panicum crus-galli var. aristatum Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli var. aristulatum Goiran, 1910
    • Panicum crus-galli var. atra Kuntze, 1871
    • Panicum crus-galli var. brevisetum Doell.
    • Panicum crus-galli var. brevisetum Gaudin
    • Panicum crus-galli var. echinatum (Willd.) Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli var. longisetum Trin.
    • Panicum crus-galli var. mite Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli var. muticum Bréb., 1835
    • Panicum crus-galli var. muticum Elliott
    • Panicum crus-galli var. muticum Guss., 1827
    • Panicum crus-galli var. pauciflorum Asch. & Graebn.
    • Panicum crus-galli var. prostratum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli var. pumilum Goiran
    • Panicum crus-galli var. purpureum Pursh
    • Panicum crus-galli var. pygmaeum Kuntze
    • Panicum crus-galli var. rohlenae Domin
    • Panicum crus-galli var. submuticum (Neilr.) Hayek
    • Panicum crus-galli var. typicum Stuck., 1906
    • Panicum crus-galli var. vulgare Döll
    • Panicum crus-galli var. zelayense (Kunth) Stratman
    • Panicum crus-pici Willd.
    • Panicum crus-pici Willd. ex Döll
    • Panicum dubium Sieber
    • Panicum dubium Sieber ex Steud.
    • Panicum echinatum Willd.
    • Panicum goiranii (Rouy) Rouy ex Prain, 1921
    • Panicum goiranii Rouy
    • Panicum grossum Salisb.
    • Panicum hispidulum Lam.
    • Panicum hispidum G.Forst.
    • Panicum limosum J.Presl
    • Panicum limosum J.Presl ex Nees
    • Panicum numidianum Sieber
    • Panicum numidianum Sieber ex Schult.
    • Panicum oryzetorum Sickenb.
    • Panicum polystachyum St.-Lag., 1883
    • Panicum scindens Nees
    • Panicum scindens Nees ex Steud.
    • Panicum segetale Roxb.
    • Panicum segetale Roxb. ex Hook.f.
    • Panicum zelayense (Kunth) Steud.
    • Panicum zenkowskii Rupr. ex Schltdl.
    • Pennisetum crus-galli (L.) Baumg.
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