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    Home»Herbs and Spices»Facts and benefits of European Ash
    Herbs and Spices

    Facts and benefits of European Ash

    By SylviaJanuary 17, 2018Updated:December 9, 2018No Comments8 Mins Read
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    Facts and benefits of European Ash

    Fraxinus excelsior commonly known as Ash, European ash, common ash, weeping ash, bird’s tongue, American Ash, Biltmore Ash, Cane Ash and White Ash is a flowering plant species in the olive family Oleaceae. The plant is native throughout mainland Europe from Portugal to Russia, with the exception of northern Scandinavia and southern Iberia. It is also considered native in southwestern Asia from northern Turkey east to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains. The species is widely cultivated and reportedly naturalized in New Zealand and in scattered locales in the United States and Canada.

    Plant Description

    European Ash is a large deciduous tree that grows about 20–35 m (66–115 ft.) (exceptionally to 46 m or 151 ft.) tall with a trunk up to 2 m (6.6 ft.) (exceptionally to 3.5 m or 11 ft.) Diameter, with a tall, domed crown. The bark is smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees. The plant is easily identified in winter by smooth shoots that are stout, greenish-grey, with jet black buds (which distinguish it from most other ash species, which have grey or brown buds). The branches of this tree do not have any hair or bristle and has a grayish-green hue.

    Leaves

    Leaves are 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in) long, pinnately compound, typically comprising 3-6 opposite pairs of light green, oval leaflets with long tips, up to 40cm long. The leaflets are 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long and 0.8–3 cm (0.31–1.18 in) broad. There is an additional singular ‘terminal’ leaflet at the end. The leaves can move in the direction of sunlight, and sometimes the whole crown of the tree may lean in the direction of the sun. Another characteristic of ash leaves is that they fall when they are still green. The leaves are often among the last to open in spring, and the first to fall in autumn if an early frost strikes; they have no marked autumn color, often falling dull green. Leaves are dark green in summer, changing to yellow green or a mild yellow in fall.

    Flower

    Female flowers being somewhat longer than the male flowers; they are dark purple, and without petals, and are wind-pollinated. Flowers appear before the leaves in spring, growing in spiked clusters at the tips of twigs. Both male and female flowers can occur on the same tree, but it is more common to find all male and all female trees; a tree that is all male one year can produce female flowers the next, and similarly a female tree can become male.

    Fruit

    Once the female flowers have been pollinated by wind, they develop into conspicuous winged fruits, or ‘keys’, in late summer and autumn. The inconspicuous springtime flowers are followed by clusters of winged fruits samara 2.5–4.5 cm (0.98–1.77 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) broad which turn brown and remain on the trees well after the leaves have fallen. They are dispersed by birds and mammals.

    European Ash Image Gallery
    Bark-of-European-Ash Bark-of-European-Ash
    Bud-of-European-Ash Bud-of-European-Ash
    Buds-bursting-of-European-Ash Buds-bursting-of-European-Ash

    Dried-fruits-of-European-Ash Dried-fruits-of-European-Ash
    Green-fruit-on-the-tree Green-fruit-on-the-tree
    Illustration-of-European-Ash Illustration-of-European-Ash

    Leaf-of-European-Ash Leaf-of-European-Ash
    Leaf-Scar-of-European-Ash Leaf-Scar-of-European-Ash
    Log-of-European-Ash Log-of-European-Ash

    Male-flower-of-European-Ash Male-flower-of-European-Ash
    Sapling-of-European-Ash-plant Sapling-of-European-Ash-plant
    Single-fruit-of-European-Ash Single-fruit-of-European-Ash

    Sketch-of-European-Ash Sketch-of-European-Ash
    Trunk-of-European-Ash Trunk-of-European-Ash
    Whole-European-Ash-plant Whole-European-Ash-plant

    Traditional uses and benefits of European Ash

    • Leaves are astringent, cathartic, diaphoretic, mildly diuretic, laxative and purgative.
    • The have been used as a laxative, making a mild substitute for senna pods.
    • Bark is antiperiodic, astringent and a bitter tonic.
    • Little used in modern herbalism, it is occasionally taken in the treatment of fevers.
    • Seeds, including their wings, have been used as a carminative.
    • Distilled water of the leaves, taken every morning, was considered good for dropsy and obesity.
    • Decoction of the leaves in white wine had the reputation of dissolving stone and curing jaundice.
    • Leaves should be gathered in June, well dried, powdered and kept in well corked bottles.
    • Leaves bark and young twigs contain coumarins (fraxin, esculin, and related substances) that inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi.
    • Ash is beneficial as a treatment for healing wounds and sores and to reduce swelling.
    • Ash bark is used as a fever-reducing agent and as a substitute for quinine, which is derived from the quinine tree.
    • Bark and leaves have been used traditionally as an herbal remedy for diarrhea.
    • The substance fraxin found in the bark and the leaves has diuretic properties and may increase the excretion of uric acid.
    • Bark help treat gout in the elderly and may also be beneficial for other rheumatic disorders, such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Ailments associated with the bladder and kidneys are also treated with the bark.
    • Additionally, it is used to remove stones in the urinary tract.
    • Bark and the leaves of the ash tree may act as a mild laxative due to the presence of mannitol and can, therefore, be used as an herbal remedy for constipation and to eliminate intestinal parasites.
    • Seeds of ash are also used to bring down fever as well as augment the appetite.
    • Tincture prepared from the ash leaves is employed to augment sexual desire or libido in men.
    • Distilled water of the ash leaves, taken every morning, was considered good for dropsy and obesity.
    • Decoction of the ash leaves in white wine had the reputation of dissolving stone and curing jaundice.

    Ayurvedic Health benefits of European Ash

    • Urinary Tract Infections: Put one tbsp leaves in half cup of hot water and steep for 2-3 minutes. Strain and take one cup a day and a mouthful at a time.(Take unsweetened)
    • Leprosy: Boil one tbsp of Fraxinus Excelsior bark in half cup water. Steep for just 2 minutes. Cool and drink unsweetened a mouthful at a time, half cup throughout the day. You may also improve the taste by adding some peppermint or marjoram.
    • Anuria: Boil leaves of Fraxinus Excelsior. Prepare a decoction. Have a cup two times a day.

    Culinary Uses

    • Immature seed usually pickled by steeping in salt and vinegar, and then used as a condiment for other foods.
    • Leaves are sometimes used as an adulterant for tea.
    • Edible oil similar to sunflower oil is obtained from the seed.

    Other Facts

    • It was probably the most versatile wood in the countryside with wide-ranging uses.
    • Until World War II the trees were often coppiced on a ten-year cycle to provide a sustainable source of timber for fuel and poles for building and woodworking.
    • Color of the wood ranges from creamy white to light brown, and the heart wood may be a darker olive-brown.
    • Because of its high flexibility, shock-resistance and resistance to splitting, ash wood is the traditional material for bows, tool handles, especially for hammers and axes, tennis rackets and snooker cue sticks and it was extensively used in the construction of early aircraft.
    • Ash was commonly used green for making chair frames which would be seated with another timber or with woven rush.
    • In Northumberland, crab and lobster pots (traps) sometimes known as ‘creeves’ by local people are still made from ash sticks.
    • Because of its elasticity European Ash wood was commonly used for walking sticks.
    • Light color and attractive grain of ash wood make it popular in modern furniture such as chairs, dining tables, doors and other architectural features and wood flooring.
    • Green dye is obtained from the leaves.
    • Ash does not flower until it has reached 30 years.
    • Ash is the second most important wood used in aeroplanes.
    • Ash bark is astringent and has been employed for tanning nets.
    • Ash is valuable as firewood because it burns well even when ‘green’ (freshly cut).

    Dosage and Administration

    Herbalists sometimes recommend the following dosages.

    As an infusion: One or two teaspoons of ground leaves to a cup of hot water. Steeped for 2 to 3 minutes and then strained. Drink one to two cups a day.

    As a decoction: One teaspoon of bark powder to a cup of water. Boiled briefly and then steeped for 2 to 3 minutes. Drink one cup daily. For a more appealing taste add peppermint or sweet marjoram.

    The leaves should be picked in early summer when they are glazed by a thin mucous membrane. Then, dried and stored in an airtight container.

    Best is to collect the bark in the spring, then dry it and grind into a powder. The seeds should be harvested while they are young and green.

    Precautions

    • Poisonous to ruminants, it has also caused dermatitis in some people.
    • Excess use may cause Allergic reactions.
    • The safety of using ash in infants, pregnant women and nursing mothers as well as people suffering from kidney or liver ailments is yet to be ascertained.

    References:

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=502663#null

    https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/78424/

    https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=282

    http://www.pfaf.org/USER/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fraxinus+excelsior

    https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/24522

    https://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/ash–073.html

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-369664

    https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FREX80

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior

    https://www.arkive.org/ash/fraxinus-excelsior/

    http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=969

    http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=282928

    http://practicalplants.org/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior

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    European Ash facts

    European Ash Quick Facts
    Name: European Ash
    Scientific Name: Fraxinus excelsior
    Origin Europe from Portugal to Russia, with the exception of northern Scandinavia and southern Iberia
    Colors Green turning to brown
    Shapes Samara 2.5–4.5 cm (0.98–1.77 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) broad, often hanging in bunches through the winter
    Taste Bitter, Astringent
    Name European Ash
    Scientific Name Fraxinus excelsior
    Native Europe from Portugal to Russia, with the exception of northern Scandinavia and southern Iberia. It is also considered native in southwestern Asia from northern Turkey east to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains
    Common Names Ash, European ash, common ash, weeping ash, bird’s tongue, American Ash, Biltmore Ash, Cane Ash, White Ash
    Name in Other Languages

    Aragonese: Fraixin
    Azerbaijani: Adi göyrüş
    Basque: Lizar
    Bokmål: Ask
    Bulgarian: Планински ясен
    Catalan: Freixe de fulla gran, Freixa de fulla gran, Freixe, Freixe comú, Freixe de fulla ampla, Freixe de fulla grossa
    Chuvash: Каврăç
    Czech: Jasan ztepilý
    Danish: Almindelig Ask, ask
    Dutch: Es
    English: fresno,fresno de hoja ancha, European ash, black ash,
    Esperanto: Ordinara frakseno
    Estonian: Harilik saar
    Finnish: Lehtosaarni
    French: Frêne élevé, Frêne commun, Frêne d’Europe
    Galician: Freixo común
    German: Gemeine Esche, Gewöhnliche Esche, esche
    Hungarian: Magas kőris
    Italian: Frassino maggiore
    Lithuanian: Paprastasis uosis
    Macedonian: Bel jasen (Бел јасен)
    Norwegian Nynorsk: Asketre, ask
    Occitan: Cancaridier, Fraisse, Tantaridier
    Polish: Jesion wyniosły
    Portuguese: Freixo
    Russian: Yasen’ obyknovennyy (Ясень обыкновенный), jasen vysokij
    Serbian: Beli jasen (Бели јасен)
    Slovak: Jaseň štíhly
    Slovenian: Beli jesen
    Spanish: Fresno
    Swedish: Ask, (Lehto)saarni
    Turkish: Adi dişbudak
    Ukrainian: Yasen zvychaynyy (Ясен звичайний)

    Unspecified: Fresnu, Wšědna jaseń

    Plant Growth Habit Tall, handsome deciduous tree
    Growing Climate Riverbanks, meadow and valley woodlands, and deciduous woodlands
    Soil Thrives best in fertile, deep clay, loam, sand, acidic, alkaline, well-drained alkaline soil.
    Plant Size 20–35 m (66–115 ft.) (Exceptionally to 46 m or 151 ft.) tall
    Bark Smooth and pale grey on young trees, becoming thick and vertically fissured on old trees
    Trunk 2 m (6.6 ft.) (Exceptionally to 3.5 m or 11 ft.) diameter
    Twigs Stout, gray brown, leaf scar narrow u-shaped, buds pubescent, very dark (essentially black).
    Leaf 20–35 cm (7.9–13.8 in) long, pinnate compound, with 7-13 leaflets, the leaflets 3–12 cm (1.2–4.7 in) long and 0.8–3 cm (0.31–1.18 in) broad, sessile on the leaf rachis, and with a serrated margin
    Flowering Periods April and May
    Flower Female flowers being somewhat longer than the male flowers; they are dark purple, and without petals, and are wind-pollinated.
    Fruit Shape & Size Samara 2.5–4.5 cm (0.98–1.77 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) broad
    Fruit Color Green turning to brown
    Flavor/aroma Odorless
    Taste Bitter, Astringent
    Plant Parts Used Leaves, bark, seeds
    Season Sep to January
    Varieties/ Types
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Aurea’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Aurea Pendula’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Autumn Blaze’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Autumn Purple’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Crispa’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Diversifolia’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Erosa’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Jaspidea’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Monophylla’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Nana’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Pendula’
    • Fraxinus excelsior ‘Skyline’
    Lifespan Normal age around 200 years, but there are some trees that are older than 500 years.

    European Ash Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Fraxinus excelsior

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    Subclass Asteridae
    Order Scrophulariales
    Family Oleaceae (Olive family)
    Genus Fraxinus L. (ash)
    Species Fraxinus excelsior L. (European ash)
    Synonyms
    • Aplilia laciniata Raf
    • Aplilia pendula (Aiton) Raf
    • Fraxinus acutifolia Dippel
    • Fraxinus amarissima Dippel
    • Fraxinus apetala Lam
    • Fraxinus appendiculata Pers
    • Fraxinus ararica Gand
    • Fraxinus atra Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus atrovirens (Pers.) Desf
    • Fraxinus aurea Willd
    • Fraxinus baurieri Sennen & Gonzalo
    • Fraxinus biloba Gren. & Godr
    • Fraxinus boitrayana Gand
    • Fraxinus boscii G.Don
    • Fraxinus brevidentata Sennen & Elias
    • Fraxinus bumelia Bedevian
    • Fraxinus burgalensis Sennen & Elias
    • Fraxinus ceretanica Sennen
    • Fraxinus concavifolia Dippel
    • Fraxinus crispa (Willd.) Bosc
    • Fraxinus cucullata Baltet ex Dippel
    • Fraxinus dodei Sennen
    • Fraxinus eliae Sennen
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. acuminata Schur
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. albovariegata Hayne
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. angustifolia Schelle
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. antonii Nyár
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. argentea Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. argentea (Dum.Cours.) Dippel
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. argenteovariegata Weston
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. argenteovariegata (Weston) Schelle
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. asplenifolia G.Kirchn
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. asplenifolia (G.Kirchn.) Rehder
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. atrovirens (Pers.) Dippel
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. aurea (Willd.) Pers
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea (Willd.) Schelle
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. aurea-pendula (Dum.Cours.) Loudon
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea-pendula (Dum.Cours.) Rehder
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. aurea-punctata Dippel
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. aureopunctata Beissner
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. aureovariegata Weston
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. aureovariegata (Weston) Rehder
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. biloba (Gren. & Godr.) Wesm
    • Fraxinus excelsior subsp. biloba (Gren. & Godr.) Arcang
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. crispa Willd
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. crispa (Willd.) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. cucullata Carrière              
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. digitata Nordin & Iwarsson
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. diversifolia Aiton
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. erosa Willd
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. erosa (Willd.) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. fungosa K.Koch
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. heterocarpa Bertrand
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. heterophylla (Vahl) Willd. ex Wesm
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. heterophylla-variegata Loudon
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. horizontalis Pers
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. horizontalis (Pers.) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. implicata Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. integrifolia Pott
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. jaspidea Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. kincairniae Loudon
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. kincairniae (Loudon) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. lacerata Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. laciniata C.K.Schneid
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. leucocarpa Beissner
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. leucocarpa (Beissner) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. lutea Weston
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. lutea (Weston) Lodd. ex Dippel
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. monophylla Dippel
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. monophylla Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. monophylla (Dum. Cours.) Gren. & Godr
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. monophylla-pendula Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. monstrosa K.Koch
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. mucronata Domin
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. multifoliolata P.D.Sell
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. nana (Pers.) Hayne
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. nana (Pers.) Lingelsh
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. obtusata Schur
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. officinalis Lavallée
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. paniculata Beissner
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. pendula Aiton
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. pendula (Aiton) Schelle
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. pendula-variegata de Vos             
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. purpurascens Descemet ex Loudon
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. scolopendrifolia Bean
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. simplicifolia (Willd.) Pers
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. spectabilis Jacob-Makay
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. spectabilis (Jacob-Makay) Rehder
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. striata Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. variegata Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. verrucosa (Dum.Cours.) K.Koch
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. verrucosa Dum.Cours
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. verrucosa-pendula Loudon
    • Fraxinus excelsior f. verticillata K.Koch
    • Fraxinus excelsior var. vulgaris Beck
    • Fraxinus exoniensis Dippel
    • Fraxinus fungosa Lodd
    • Fraxinus globosa Dippel
    • Fraxinus glomerata Dippel
    • Fraxinus grandifolia Sennen
    • Fraxinus heterophylla Vahl
    • Fraxinus humilis Dippel
    • Fraxinus integrifolia Moench
    • Fraxinus intermedia Dippel
    • Fraxinus laciniata Raf
    • Fraxinus linearis Dippel
    • Fraxinus lucida Dippel
    • Fraxinus microphylla Jacques
    • Fraxinus monophylla Dum. Cours
    • Fraxinus nana Pers
    • Fraxinus nana var. atrovirens Pers
    • Fraxinus ochrochlora Gand
    • Fraxinus oxyodon Gand
    • Fraxinus pendula (Aiton) Hoffmanns
    • Fraxinus polemonifolia Poir
    • Fraxinus pumila Dippel
    • Fraxinus purpurascens K.Koch
    • Fraxinus retorta Sennen & Elias
    • Fraxinus sambucina var. coarctata K.Koch
    • Fraxinus scolopendrifolia Dippel
    • Fraxinus scolopendrium Dippel
    • Fraxinus simplicifolia Willd
    • Fraxinus spectabilis Dippel
    • Fraxinus stenobotrys Gand
    • Fraxinus steudelii Medik
    • Fraxinus streptocarpa Gand
    • Fraxinus striata Dum. Cours
    • Fraxinus stricta Beissner              
    • Fraxinus strigata Bosc [Spelling variant]
    • Fraxinus subcordata Gand
    • Fraxinus verrucosa Dum. Cours
    • Fraxinus viridis var. nobilis K.Koch
    • Leptalix atrovirens (Pers.) Raf
    • Leptalix nana (Pers.) Raf
    • Ornus striata (Dum.Cours.) Sweet
    • Ornus strigata (Bosc) A.Dietr
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