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    Home»Herbs and Spices»Facts about Norway Maple
    Herbs and Spices

    Facts about Norway Maple

    By SylviaFebruary 2, 2022Updated:February 2, 2022No Comments12 Mins Read
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    Acer platanoides, commonly known as the Norway maple, is a species of maple belonging to Aceraceae (Maple family). The plant is native to continental Europe and western Asia. It occurs naturally from central France in the east into central Asia Minor and northern Iran in the west, and from southern Norway and Sweden to northern Spain, Italy, and the Balkans. It is the most widely distributed maple in Europe. It has naturalized in Great Britain, the northeastern United States, and southeastern Canada. It was introduced to North America in the mid-1700s as a shade tree. It has been widely planted in urban areas throughout much of the U.S. Genus name is the Latin name for a maple tree. Specific epithet means resembling platanus (sycamore), which is somewhat curious since the leaves of Norway maple do not really bear that much resemblance to sycamores.

    Norway maple, Harlequin Maple, Plane, Norway Maple variety and plane maple are some of the popular common names of the plant. Norway maple is widely planted as a shade tree in urban areas because it can tolerate drought, deicing salt, compacted soils, and air pollution. Norway maple has many cultivars with distinct forms including columnar and weeping varieties.  Another distinct characteristic is the green to burgundy range in leaf color.

    Norway Maple Facts

    Norway maple Quick Facts
    Name: Norway maple
    Scientific Name: Acer platanoides
    Origin Continental Europe and western Asia
    Colors Initially green turning to brown as they mature
    Shapes Pair of winged keys or samaras; each key is 3.5 – 5.5 cm long.
    Taste Astringent and slightly bitter taste (Bark)
    Name Norway maple
    Scientific Name Acer platanoides
    Native Continental Europe and western Asia. It occurs naturally from central France in the east into central Asia Minor and northern Iran in the west, and from southern Norway and Sweden to northern Spain, Italy, and the Balkans. It is the most widely distributed maple in Europe
    Common Names Norway Maple, Harlequin Maple, Plane, Norway Maple variety, plane maple
    Name in Other Languages Afrikaans:  Noorse esdoring
    Albanian: Panjë
    Arabic:  Shanar, qiqib dilabiy (قيقب دلبي)
    Aragonese: Aciron, arce real      
    Armenian: T’khki sraterev (թխկի սրատերև)
    Azerbaijani: Sivriyarpaq ağcaqayın
    Basque: Astigar zorrotz
    Belarusian: Klion vastralisty (Клён вастралісты)
    Bulgarian: Shestil (шестил), mlechen yavor (млечен явор)
    Catalan: Erable, plàtan fals          
    Chinese: Nuówēi fēng (挪威枫)
    Croatian: Javor mliječ
    Czech:  Javor mléč, mléč
    Danish:  Spidsløn , Spids-Løn, Spidsbladet løn
    Dutch:  Noorse esdoorn, Plataan esdoorn, gewone esdoorn      
    English:  Norway maple, Plane, Norway Maple variety, plane maple
    Estonian: Harilik vaher
    Finnish:  Metsävaahtera, Vaahtera
    French:  Érable plane, Érable platane, Faux sycamore, Érable de Norvège, Érable platanoïde, faux érable, iseron, main découpée, plaine, plane, érable blanc                   
    Galician: Pradairo real
    Georgian: Lek’a (ლეკა)
    German:  Norwegischer Ahorn, Spitzahorn, Spitz-Ahorn, europaeischer Spitzahorn; Leinbaum; Spitzahorn; spitzblättriger Ahorn, europäischer Spitzahorn, Fladerbaum, Leinahorn, Lenne Greek: Sfendámi platanoeidés (Σφενδάμι πλατανοειδές                 )
    Hebrew: אדר נורווגיה
    Hungarian:  Korai juhar
    Icelandic: Broddhlynur
    Iran: Karkaf
    Italian: Acero riccio, Acero platanoide, acero platano, amillacero, falso sicomoro, oppio riccio                     
    Japanese: Noruwee kaede (ノルウェーカエデ)
    Kashubian: Zwëczajny klón
    Lithuanian: Paprastasis klevas
    Latvian: Parastä klava, platanu kļava       
    Macedonian: Mleč (млеч)
    Meadow Mari: Tıglay vaştar (Тыглай ваштар)
    Netherlands: Europese esdoorn, Noorse esdoorn
    Northern Frisian: Spasahorn
    Northern Sami: Váđir, Lievdnja
    Norwegian:  Spisslønn, Løn
    Occitan: Pladu, plainé, plàume
    Persian: افرای نروژی
    Polish:  Klon pospolity, Klon zwyczajny, klon pospolitz   
    Portuguese:  Platano bastardo , Sicômoro-bastardo, Sicômoro-falso, Bordo-da-noruega, Ácer-da-noruega
    Romanian: Arţar, paltin de câmp              
    Romansh: Ischi giz
    Russian: Klen ostrolistnyj (Клен остролистный), Klen platanovidnyj (Клен платановидный), Klen platanolistnyj (Клен платанолистный)
    Serbian: Mlec (Млеч)
    Slovak: Javor mliečny
    Slovenian:  Ostrolistni javor
    Spanish:  Arce aplatanado ,  Arce real, Ostrolistni javor, arce noruego, arce platanoides, acirón
    Swedish:  Skogslönn, (Metsä)vaahtera, Lönn, Løn
    Turkish:  Çınar yapraklı akçaağaç, Sivri akçaağaç, çınar akçaağacı 
    Ukrainian: Klen zvychaynyy (Клен звичайний), klen hostrolystyy (клен гостролистий)
    Upper Sorbian: Kónčkaty klon
    Vietnamese: Phong Na Uy
    Walloon: Plaene
    Welsh: Masarn Norwy, Masarnen Norwy
    Plant Growth Habit Medium- to large-sized fast-growing, deciduous tree
    Growing Climates Common in parks, large gardens, town suburbs, in shelterbelts, near chalk lands, colonized hedgerows, thickets, woods, successional forest, forest wetland, along roadsides, wasteland, disturbed ground, nearby woodlots, forest edges  and fragmented forests
    Soil Grows best on moist, adequately drained, deep, fertile soils. It is intolerant of low soil nitrogen conditions and is rare on acidic (pH near 4) soils
    Plant Size Grows to 40-60 ft. (12-18 m) in height, but can reach heights of 100 ft. (30 m).
    Root Shallow and roots are typically visible at the soil line
    Crown Tall-domed, sometimes very broad on a short stem; open in winter with rather short perpendicular shoots and often thin bunches of persistent fruits, and with very dense foliage in summer
    Bark Bark of young trees is smooth and grey-brown; on older trees the bark becomes darker and shallowly furrowed with long narrow ridges in a network.
    Wood Dark reddish-brown
    Stem Straight cylindrical stem and erect, glabrous, green to brown branches
    Shoot Pinkish-brown or olive-brown, buds ovoid; terminals dark red or red-brown, laterals green appressed
    Branchlets Glabrous, purplish-red or greenish, turning darker and woody by the end of the first year
    Buds Ovoid, with 5 to 8 pairs of imbricate scales.
    Leaf Simple and oppositely arranged with five to seven palmate lobes. Lobes and teeth are sharply pointed. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green, and the undersurface is lustrous green and smooth, except for occasional tufts of hairs in vein angles
    Flowering season Mid April – May
    Flower Small male and female flowers may be on separate trees or the same tree. For both, the flowers open broadly, are  10 mm across, greenish yellow with 5 oval-lance sepals up to 1/8 inch long and 5 spatula shaped petals nearly twice as long as the sepals
    Fruit Shape & Size Pair of winged keys or samaras; each key is 3.5 – 5.5 cm long.
    Fruit Color Initially green turning to brown as they mature
    Taste Astringent and slightly bitter taste (Bark)
    Plant Parts Used Whole plant and Wood
    Propagation By seed and by grafting
    Lifespan About 150 years
    Season Mid May (immature) – October (mature)

    Plant Description

    Norway maple is a medium- to large-sized fast-growing, deciduous tree that normally grows to 40-60 ft. (12-18 m) in height, but can reach heights of 100 ft. (30 m), with a trunk up to 1.5 m (5 ft.) in diameter and can live to 150 years.  The plant has straight trunk, widely spreading symmetrical crown and rounded appearance. The plant is common in parks, large gardens, and town suburbs, in shelterbelts, near chalk lands, colonized hedgerows, thickets, woods, successional forest, and forest wetland, along roadsides, wasteland, and disturbed ground, nearby woodlots, forest edges and fragmented forests. The plant grows best on moist, adequately drained, deep, fertile soils. It is intolerant of low soil nitrogen conditions and is rare on acidic (pH near 4) soils. It makes suboptimum growth on sandy soils or soils high in lime or clay content, and does not tolerate high evapotranspiration or prolonged drought.

    Stem and Bark

    Twigs are stout, smooth, and hairless. Branch tips are often forked the result of a terminal flower cluster and opposite arrangement. The shoots are green at first, soon becoming pale brown. The winter buds are shiny red-brown. The terminal bud is purplish-green or reddish-purple, plump, and blunt with three to four pairs of fleshy scales. Young bark is grey and smooth, with ridges beginning to develop as the tree matures. Older bark is dark grey with regular shallow intersecting ridges (crisscrossing pattern, furrowed) and not scaly.

    Autumn-leaf-color-of-Norway-maple Leaves-of-Norway-maple Closer-view-of-flowers-of-Norway-maple Bark-of-Norway-maple Mature-fruits-of-Norway-maple Norway-maple-sapling Immature-fruits-of-Norway-maple Plant-illustration-of-Norway-maple Seeds-of-Norway-maple Norway-maple-Tree Flowers-of-Norway-maple Twig_and_buds-of-Norway-maple Sketch-of-Norway-maple Trunk-of-Norway-maple Young-leaves-of-Norway-maple
    [Show thumbnails]

    Leaves

    Leaves are simple and oppositely arranged with five to seven palmate lobes. Lobes and teeth are sharply pointed. The upper surface of the leaf is dark green, and the undersurface is lustrous green and smooth, except for occasional tufts of hairs in vein angles. The leaves are slightly wider and are 7–14 cm long and 8–25 cm wide. The leaf petiole is 8–20 cm long. The leaf petiole, bud scales, and twigs exude a milky white sap when broken, which can be used to easily distinguish it from most other maple species. This milky sap is best seen at the base of a broken petiole. The normal green form turns a showy yellow in the fall, often as one of the very last trees to turn color in the season.

    Leaf arrangement Opposite/sub opposite
    Leaf type Simple
    Leaf margin Lobed, dentate, incised
    Leaf shape Star-shaped
    Leaf venation Palmate
    Leaf type and persistence Deciduous
    Leaf blade length 4 to 8 inches
    Leaf color Green
    Fall color Yellow
    Fall characteristic Showy

     

    Flower

    Round, branching, upright clusters about 2 inches across appear just prior to or at the same time leaves emerge in spring. Small male and female flowers may be on separate trees or the same tree. For both, the flowers open broadly, are  10 mm across, greenish yellow with 5 oval-lance sepals up to 1/8 inch long and 5 spatula shaped petals nearly twice as long as the sepals. In the center is a brownish green disk. Male flowers have 8 spreading stamens around the disk, females a 2-part, curled style in the center. Flower stalks are long, slender and hairless or glandular-hairy. Flowering normally takes place in between Mid-April and May. The flowers are not known to self-pollinate (self-incompatible).

    Flower color Green
    Flower characteristics Not showy

     

    Fruits

    Fertile flowers are followed by a pair of winged keys or samaras; each key is 3.5 – 5.5 cm long. They are initially green turning to brown as they mature. The winged samaras ripen in the fall (September and October) and are dispersed by wind and occasionally water. Both halves of the seed usually contain fertile seeds. The seeds are disc-shaped, strongly flattened, 10–15 mm across and 3 mm thick. The wings are 3–5 cm long, widely spread, approaching a 180° angle. It typically produces a large quantity of viable seeds.

    Fruit shape Elongated
    Fruit length 1 to 3 inches
    Fruit covering Dry or hard
    Fruit color Brown, green
    Fruit characteristics Attracts birds; showy; fruit/leaves not a litter problem

     

    Culinary Uses

    • Sap consists of a certain amount of sugar and can either be used as a drink, or can be concentrated into syrup by boiling off the water.
    • The syrup is used as a sweetener on many foods.

    Other Facts

    • Leaves are packed around apples, root crops etc. to help preserve them.
    • Trees are fairly wind tolerant and are often used in to give protection from the wind in mixed shelterbelts.
    • They are fast-growing and rapidly produce a screen.
    • Rose coloured dye is obtained from the bark.
    • Wood is hard, heavy, and fine grained and used for small domestic items.
    • Norway maple wood has been used for making musical instruments, furniture, marquetry, tool handles and turned objects.
    • In urban environments, the shallow roots of Norway maple can destroy infrastructure such as pavement, requiring ongoing repairs.

    Prevention and Control

    Due to the variable regulations around (de)registration of pesticides, your national list of registered pesticides or relevant authority should be consulted to determine which products are legally allowed for use in your country when considering chemical control. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product’s label.

    Cultural Control

    Munger (2003) discusses the potential effects of fire on this species, noting that while a fire that removed all seed sources would be thought to reduce or remove the species, there is concern that a disturbance event of this type could lead to higher seedling recruitment and resprouting. Use of fire may also be an inappropriate management tool where A. platanoides grows in association with native assemblages that are not fire tolerant.

    Mechanical Control

    Digging up or other manual removal is suitable for A. platanoides seedlings and saplings as long as the roots are completely removed, or adult trees felled close to ground level. Girdling, by removing the bark and phloem layer from 10 cm around the trunk is also suggested. Removal of trees/saplings reduced subsequent A. platanoides recruitment and enhanced native A. saccharum regeneration, whereas removal of seedlings encouraged new A. platanoides seedlings to emerge; this is attributed to the soil disturbance associated with the pulling of seedlings. An additional cause for concern was that other invasive alien species colonized areas where A. platanoides trees and saplings had been removed.

    Chemical Control

    Weber (2003) recommends that stumps be treated with herbicide after trees are felled. Combinations of cutting and herbicide in association with monitoring to determine when the treatment should be repeated are recommended by Royal Botanic Garden Canada (2003). Rhoads and Block (2002) propose pasting a triclopyr-oil mixture to the bark of saplings up to 10 cm in diameter at the base of the stem.

    Biological Control

    Webb et al. (2001) comment on the potential difficulty of locating a suitable biological control agent for A. platanoides because of the need to ensure that the closely related native species, e.g. the sugar maple A. saccharum, with which A. platanoides often grows, would not be affected by such an agent.

    References:

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2616254

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28755#null

    https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=1209

    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+platanoides

    http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=275380&isprofile=0&cv

    https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2883

    https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ACRPL

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_platanoides

    http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Acer_platanoides.html

    http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=979

    https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ST039

    https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACPL

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    Norway maple Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Acer platanoides

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Sub Division Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames)
    Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    Subclass Rosidae
    Super Order Rosanae
    Order Sapindales
    Family Aceraceae (Maple family)
    Genus Acer L. (maple)
    Species Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple)
    Synonyms
    • Acer cappadocicum subsp. turkestanicum (Pax) A.E.Murray
    • Acer dieckii (Pax) Pax    
    • Acer dieckii f. integrilobum Schwer
    • Acer dieckii f. monstrosum Schwer
    • Acer fallax Pax  
    • Acer laciniatum Borkh. ex Tratt
    • Acer lactescens Pers
    • Acer laetum var. cordifolium R.Uechtr. & Sint
    • Acer lobelii var. dieckii Pax
    • Acer lobergii Dippel
    • Acer palmatifidum Tausch ex Steud
    • Acer platanifolium Stokes
    • Acer platanoides f. acuminatum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. adspersum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. albescens Dippel ex Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. albodentatum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. albovariegatum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides f. albovariegatum (G.Nicholson) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. argutum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. aureomarginatum Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. aureovariegatum Loudon
    • Acer platanoides f. bicolor Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. bullatum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. buntzleri Wittm
    • Acer platanoides f. buntzleri (Wittm.) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. coloratum Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. coloratum (Pax) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. columnare Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. columnare Carrière
    • Acer platanoides f. commune Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. crispum Spach
    • Acer platanoides f. cucullatum (G.Nicholson) Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. cucullatum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides f. cucullatum (G.Nicholson) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. cuneatum Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. decussatum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides f. dilaceratum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. dissectum J.Jacq. ex Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. drummondii J.Drumm. ex Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. drummondii (J.Drumm. ex Schwer.) Geerinck            
    • Acer platanoides f. erectum A.D.Slavin 
    • Acer platanoides f. globosum (G.Nicholson) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. globosum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides var. hederifolium Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. heterophyllum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. heterophyllum-variegatum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides var. incumbens Pax
    • Acer platanoides f. incumbens (Pax) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. irregulare Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. laciniatum Aiton
    • Acer platanoides f. laciniatum (Aiton) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. lactescens G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides f. laetum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. latifolium Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. lobatum Aiton
    • Acer platanoides f. lorbergii Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. macrocarpum Spach
    • Acer platanoides f. meyeringii Geerinck               
    • Acer platanoides var. minimum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. nanum (G.Nicholson) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. nanum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides var. palmatifidum Tausch
    • Acer platanoides var. palmatum G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides var. palmipartitum Spach
    • Acer platanoides f. pictum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. platanoides
    • Acer platanoides f. plicatum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. productum Pax
    • Acer platanoides f. pseudotruncatum Pax
    • Acer platanoides var. pubescens Hayne ex Loudon
    • Acer platanoides f. puckleri Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. purpureum G.Nicholson  
    • Acer platanoides f. pygmaeum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. reitenbachii G.Nicholson
    • Acer platanoides f. reitenbachii (G.Nicholson) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. roseobullatum Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. rubrum Herder
    • Acer platanoides f. rubrum (Herder) Pax              
    • Acer platanoides f. rufescens Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. schwedleri (K.Koch) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. schwedleri K.Koch              
    • Acer platanoides var. stollii Schwer
    • Acer platanoides f. undulatum (Dippel) Schwer
    • Acer platanoides var. undulatum Dippel               
    • Acer platanoides var. variegatum Loudon
    • Acer platanoides f. variegatum (Loudon) Dippel               
    • Acer reitenbachii Dippel               
    • Acer rotundum Dulac
    • Acer schwedleri K.Koch
    • Acer vitifolium Opiz ex Tausch
    • Euacer acutifolium Opiz
    • Euacer platanoides (L.) Opiz
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