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    Home»Vegetables»Facts about Wild Mustard
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    Facts about Wild Mustard

    By SylviaJuly 7, 2019Updated:July 8, 2019No Comments5 Mins Read
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    Sinapis arvensis, the charlock mustard, field mustard, wild mustard or charlock, is an annual or winter annual plant of the genus Sinapis in the family Cruciferae that includes broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale and Brussels sprouts.  As such, they have similar health benefits as other cruciferous vegetables. The plant is native to temperate regions of Europe, Asia Minor, southwest Asia and North Africa. It was introduced into North America, South America, Australia, Japan and South Africa and now occurs throughout all Canadian provinces, as well as in the MacKenzie District, Northwest Territories.

    The genus name Sinapis derives is derived from the Greek word “sinapi” meaning ‘mustard’. The species name arvensis is a Latin adjective meaning from/of the field’.  The plant has got several common names including Charlock, Charlock mustard, Wild mustard, field mustard, Wild mustard, California-rape, Corn mustard, Wild kale, yellow charlock, kedlock, kelk and kilk. Pieris rapae, the small white butterfly, and Pieris napi, the green veined white butterfly are noteworthy consumers of charlock during their larval stages.

    Plant Description

    Wild mustard is an annual or winter annual plant that grows about 20–80 centimeters (7.9–31.5 in) of height, but under optimal conditions can exceed one meter. The plant is grows in the plains and mountains, in pastures, fields, roadsides, waste places (such as railways, tips and waste ground), cultivated fields, fallow fields, gardens, clearings, orchards, shores, riverbanks, railway lines and disturbed areas.  The plant primarily grows better on nutrient-rich and usually also in lime-rich soils. The plant has short taproot.

    Leaves

    Leaves are 1½ to 7 inches long, ½ to 2 inches wide, irregularly toothed, mostly hairless, broadly oval to egg-shaped. The basal leaves are oblong, oval, lanceolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to dentate, 4–18 centimeters (1.6–7.1 in) long, 2–5 centimeters (0.79–1.97 in) wide. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping.

    The stems are green or with reddish pigmentation, especially near the leaf axils, erect and amply branched, mostly smooth except for scattered, coarse hairs, more dense on the mid to lower stems.

    Flower

    Flowers are numerous in dense, compounded clusters, as much as 12 inches long. Flower stalks are stout, 1/16 to 1/4 inch long, erect or ascending. The 4 sepals are 1/5 to 1/8 inch long,  and are narrowly oblong, spreading, the edges rolled in. The 4 petals are showy, spatulate, 1/3 to 1/2 inch long, with a narrow, erect claw about half the length of the petal.

    Wild mustard Image Gallery
    Closer-view-of-flower-of-Wild-mustard Closer-view-of-flower-of-Wild-mustard
    Closer-view-of-Seed-of-Wild-mustard Closer-view-of-Seed-of-Wild-mustard
    Flowers-of-Wild-mustard Flowers-of-Wild-mustard
    Immature-fruits-of-Wild-mustard Immature-fruits-of-Wild-mustard
    Leaves-of-Wild-mustard Leaves-of-Wild-mustard
    Mature-fruits-of-Wild-mustard Mature-fruits-of-Wild-mustard
    Plant-Illustrations-of-Wild-mustard Plant-Illustrations-of-Wild-mustard
    Root-of-Wild-mustard Root-of-Wild-mustard
    Seeds-of-Wild-mustard Seeds-of-Wild-mustard
    Sketch-of-Wild-mustard Sketch-of-Wild-mustard
    Small-Wild-mustard-plant Small-Wild-mustard-plant
    Stem-of-Wild-mustard Stem-of-Wild-mustard
    Wild-Mustard-farming Wild-Mustard-farming
    Wild-Mustard-plant Wild-Mustard-plant
    Young-Wild-mustard-plant Young-Wild-mustard-plant
    Fruits

    Fruits are slender, round pod that are 1.5 to 2 inches long, about 1/16 inches broad, and hairless to somewhat short-hairy. Pods are straight or slightly up-curved, and the flattened beak 1/3 to 1/2 as long as the valves and similarly rather evidently 3-nerved. The pod angles out and up from the stem and bulges where the ripening seed is forming. There are 7-12 seeds with fine honey-comb patterns in each silique. Ripe seeds are smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter. They are usually black, can also be reddish-brown, brown or greenish-brown.

    Traditional uses and benefits of Wild mustard

    • It is good for stimulating the appetite.
    • It is said to be good for the treatment of melancholy or depression.
    • The Navajos used Sinapis arvensis as a ceremonial medicine.

    Culinary Uses

    • Leaves can be consumed raw or cooked.
    • Somewhat hot, the young leaves are used as a flavoring in salads, where they add a piquant flavor.
    • Older leaves are used as a potherb.
    • It is best to use just the young shoots and leaves in the spring, older leaves are bitter.
    • Flowering stems can be consumed after being cooked.
    • Pleasant, cabbage/radish flavor, they can be used as a broccoli substitute before the flowers open.
    • Stems should be lightly steamed for no more than 5 minutes.
    • Flowers can also be cooked as a vegetable or used as a garnish.
    • Seed can be sprouted and eaten raw.
    • It can be added to salads and sandwiches.
    • Seed can be ground into a powder and used as a food flavoring.
    • Edible oil is obtained from the seed.
    • Leaves of wild mustard are edible at the juvenile stage of the plant they are usually boiled.

    Other Facts

    • Edible semi-drying oil is obtained from the seed.
    • It is also used in making soap and burns well so can be used for lighting.
    • A type of oil can be extracted from the seed which has been used for lubricating machinery.
    • Wild mustard plants have from 10-18 seeds per pod and from 2,000-3,500 seeds per plant.

    Precautions

    • The plant is possibly poisonous once the seedpods have formed.
    • Seeds are toxic to most animals, except birds, and can cause gastrointestinal problems, especially if consumed in large quantities.

    References:

    http://luirig.altervista.org/schedenam/fnam.php?taxon=Sinapis+arvensis

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2476411

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=23310#null

    https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/32156/

    https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SIAR4

    https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33965

    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Sinapis+arvensis

    https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/117180

    http://www.floracatalana.net/sinapis-arvensis-l

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinapis_arvensis

    https://www.inspection.gc.ca/plants/seeds/testing-grading/seeds-identification/sinapis-arvensis/eng/1477322082053/1477322082391

    https://www.cal-ipc.org/plants/profile/sinapis-arvensis-profile/

    https://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Wild_mustard

    https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/SINAR

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    Wild Mustard Facts

    Name Wild mustard
    Scientific Name Sinapis arvensis
    Native Temperate regions of Europe, Asia minor, southwest Asia and North Africa. It was introduced into North America, South America, Australia, Japan and South Africa and now occurs throughout all Canadian provinces, as well as in the MacKenzie District, Northwest Territories
    Common Names Charlock, Charlock mustard, Wild mustard, field mustard, Wild mustard, California-rape, Corn mustard, Wild kale, yellow charlock, kedlock, kelk, kilk
    Name in Other Languages Albanian: Sinap, sinapi i arës      
    Arabic: Khardal, bahammou
    Armenian: Mananekh dashtayin (Մանանեխ դաշտային)
    Bulgarian: Polski sinap (полски синап)
    Catalan: Mostassa borda, Mostassa de camp, Ravenissa borda, Ravenissa groga
    Chinese:  Yang ye jie, xīn jiāng bái gài ( 新疆白芥)
    Croatian: Poljska gorušica
    Czech: Hořčice polní, hořčice rolní
    Danish: Agersennep, Ager sennep
    Dutch : Herik
    English: Wild mustard, Charlock, California-rape, Charlock mustard, Corn mustard, Field mustard, Wild kale, yellow charlock, kedlock, kelk, kilk
    Estonian: Rikkasinappi  
    Finnish: Rikkasinappi
    French: Moutarde sauvage, Sénevé, Moutarde des champs, Sanve, Raveluche, Sangle, Moutarde d’été, Sene, ravenelle
    German:  Ackersenf, Wilder Senf
    Greek: Lapsána (Λαψάνα), ágrio sinápi (άγριο σινάπι), sínapis arouraía  (σίναπις αρουραία)
    Hebrew: חרדל השדה, chardal hassadeh
    Hindi: Jangalee sarason (जंगली सरसों), Hulhul
    Hungarian: Vadrepce
    Icelandic: Akurmustarður
    Irish: Praiseach bhuí
    Italian: Senape, Senape selvatica, Erba falcona, Serapino, senape dei campi
    Kazakh: Jabayı qışa (Жабайы қыша)
    Latvian: Tīruma sinepe 
    Lithuanian: Dirvinis garstukas, garstukas
    Macedonian: Polski sinap (полски синап)
    Manx: Brashlagh
    Netherlands: Herik
    Norwegian: Åkersennep
    Ossetian: Хуымы хъыцъы
    Persian: خردل وحشی
    Polish: Gorczyca polna, ognicha
    Portuguese: Mostarda-dos-campos, Nabinha, saramago
    Romanian: Muștar sălbatic         
    Russian: Collejón, Горчица полевая
    Serbian: Poljska gorušica (пољска горушица)
    Slovak: Horčica roľná
    Slovene: Njivska gorjušica, njivska gorčica           
    Spanish: Mostaza de los campos, Mostaza Silvestre, Collejón, Mostaza, flor de nabo, liviana, mostaza, mostaza arvense, lentejilla
    Swedish: Åkersenap, Rikkasinappi
    Turkish: Hardal 
    Ukrainian: Hirchytsya polʹova (Гірчиця польова)
    Unspecified: Bruun Semp, Rolny žonop, Rólny žonop, Ääker-Senep, Ògniowô
    Urdu: جنگلی سرسوں
    Welsh: Mwstard gwyllt
    Growing Climates Grows in the plains and mountains, in pastures, fields, roadsides, waste places (such as railways, tips and waste ground), cultivated fields, fallow fields, gardens, clearings, orchards, shores, riverbanks, roadsides, railway lines and disturbed areas
    Soil Primarily on better, nutrient-rich and usually also lime-rich soils
    Plant Size Average 20–80 centimeters (7.9–31.5 in) of height, but under optimal conditions can exceed one meter
    Root Short taproot
    Stem Erect, branched and striated, with coarse spreading hairs especially near the base
    Leaf Leaves are petiolate (stalked) with a length of 1–4 centimeters (0.39–1.57 in). The basal leaves are oblong, oval, lanceolate, lyrate, pinnatifid to dentate, 4–18 centimeters (1.6–7.1 in) long, 2–5 centimetres (0.79–1.97 in) wide. The cauline leaves are much reduced and are short petiolate to sessile but not auriculate-clasping
    Flowering season May to September, or May to August
    Pollination By various bees like Andrena agilissima and flies (entomophily)
    Flower Inflorescence is a raceme made up of yellow flowers having four petals
    Fruit Shape & Size Silique 3–5 cm long with a beak 1–2 cm long that is flattened-quadrangular. The valves of the silique are glabrous or rarely bristly, three to five nerved
    Seed Smooth 1-1.5 mm in diameter. They are usually black, can also be reddish-brown, brown or greenish-brown
    Propagation By seed and vegetatively
    Flavor/Aroma When crushed the leaves smell strongly of mustard
    Taste Acrid
    Plant Parts Used Whole Plant
    Season May to August

    Wild mustard Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Sinapis arvensis

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Subdivision Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames
    Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    Subclass Dilleniidae
    Superorder Rosanae
    Order Capparales
    Family Brassicaceae ⁄ Cruciferae (Mustard family)
    Genus Sinapis L. (mustard)
    Species Sinapis arvensis L. (charlock mustard)
    Synonyms
    • Brassica arvensis (L.) Rabenh
    • Brassica arvensis var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) Thell
    • Brassica barbareifolia Ball
    • Brassica kaber (DC.) Wheeler    
    • Brassica kaber var. pinnatifida (Stokes) L.C.Wheeler
    • Brassica kaber var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) L.C.Wheeler
    • Brassica kaber var. stricta (Čelak.) Shinners
    • Brassica sinapis Vis
    • Brassica sinapistrum var. orientalis Samp
    • Brassica sinapistrum var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) Samp.
    • Brassica xinjiangensis Y.C.Lan & T.Y.Cheo
    • Crucifera sinapistra E.H.L.Krause
    • Napus agriasinapis K.F.Schimp. & Spenn
    • Raphanus arvensis (L.) Crantz    
    • Rhamphospermum arvense (L.) Andrz. ex Besser            
    • Rhamphospermum orientale Andrz
    • Sinapis arvensis subsp. arvensis               
    • Sinapis arvensis var. arvensis     
    • Sinapis arvensis var. leiocarpa Gaudin    
    • Sinapis arvensis var. nilotica O.E. Schulz
    • Sinapis arvensis var. orientalis (L.) Koch & Ziz
    • Sinapis arvensis var. pinnatifida Stokes
    • Sinapis arvensis var. schkuhriana (Rchb.) Hagenb
    • Sinapis kaber DC
    • Sinapis retrohirsuta Besser ex Steud
    • Sinapis schkuhriana Rchb
    • Sinapis schlosseri Heuff. ex Nyman
    • Sinapis torosa Gilib.
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