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    Home»Herbs and Spices»Traditional uses and benefits of Box Elder
    Herbs and Spices

    Traditional uses and benefits of Box Elder

    By SylviaJanuary 30, 2022Updated:January 30, 2022No Comments15 Mins Read
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    Acer negundo, commonly known as box elder, boxelder maple, Manitoba maple or ash-leaved maple, is a species of maple belonging to Aceraceae (Maple family). The plant is native to large parts of North America, from southern Canada through to Guatemala, including large parts of the USA and some parts of Mexico. Six distinct varieties and/or sub-species of box elder (Acer negundo) have been identified in the wild in North America. It has been introduced to and naturalized throughout much of the world, including in South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, much of Europe, and parts of Asia. Some of the popular common names of the plant include Manitoba maple, ash-leaf maple, cut-leaved maple, three-leaf maple, ash maple, sugar maple, negundo maple, river maple, Box elder, box elder maple, ash-leaved maple, maple ash, elf maple, black maple, three-leaved maple, California boxelder and Western box elder.

    Genus name is the Latin name for a maple tree. Specific epithet comes from the Sanskrit and Bengali word nirgundi, which was used as negundo in the naming of Vitex negundo and later for this maple that has a leaf similar to that of Vitex negundo. The name box elder (sometimes boxelder) is in reference to a use of the wood for making crates and boxes and the supposed similarity of the leaves to those of elder (Sambucus). Leaves also resemble those of some ashes, hence the additional common name of ash-leaved maple. The names box elder and boxelder maple are based upon the similarity of its whitish wood to that of boxwood and the similarity of its pinnately compound leaves to those of some species of elder. The plant is occasionally considered a weedy or invasive species, and has been introduced to and naturalized throughout much of the world, including in South America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, much of Europe, and parts of Asia.

    Box Elder Facts

    Box elder Quick Facts
    Name: Box elder
    Scientific Name: Acer negundo
    Origin Large parts of North America, from southern Canada through to Guatemala, including large parts of the USA and some parts of Mexico
    Colors Initially green in color but turn yellowish and then pale brown as they mature
    Shapes Distinctive v-shaped fruit that is 3-4 cm long and are borne in drooping clusters and each fruit consists of two one-seeded structures that are prominently winged
    Health benefits Support respiratory conditions, kidney infections, paralysis, swellings, vomiting and treat different maladies of the skin
    Name Box elder
    Scientific Name Acer negundo
    Native Native to large parts of North America, from southern Canada through to Guatemala, including large parts of the USA and some parts of Mexico.
    Common Names Manitoba maple, ash-leaf maple, cut-leaved maple, three-leaf maple, ash maple, sugar maple, negundo maple, river maple, Box elder, boxelder maple, ash-leaved maple, maple ash, elf maple, black maple, three-leaved maple, California boxelder, Western box elder
    Name in Other Languages Afrikaans:  Essenblaarahorn, Kaliforniese esdoring, Veer-ahorn
    Albanian: Panjë
    Arabic: Qiqib manituba (قيقب مانيتوبا)
    Armenian: T’khki artsat’ap’ayl (Թխկի արծաթափայլ)
    Azerbaijani: Qarışıq meşələrin torpaqları
    Basque: Lizar-astigar, negundo astigar   
    Belarusian: Klion amierykanski (клён амерыканскі)
    Bulgarian: Yasenolisten yavor (ясенолистен явор)         
    Canada: Aulne-buis, box-elder maple, érable, érable à feuilles composes, érable à feuilles de frêne, érable à Giguère, érable à Giguère pubescent, érable argilière, érable du Manitoba, érable negundo, inland box-elder, inland Manitoba maple, plaine à giguère
    Catalan: Negundo, Auró americà
    Chinese:  Fu ye feng (复 叶枫 ), Cén yè qī (梣叶槭)
    Croatian: Javor negundovac, negundovac           
    Czech:  Javor jasanolistý, Javor jaseňolistý
    Danish:  Askebladet løn,
    Dutch:  Noorse Esdoorn, Vederesdoorn
    English:  Ashleaf maple, Ash leaf maple, Ash-leaved maple, Box elder, Manitoba maple, Three-leaved maple, California boxelder, Boxelder maple, Three-leaf maple, Western boxelder
    Esperanto: Manitoba acero
    Estonian: Saarvaher, saarvaher
    Finnish:  Saarnivaahtera
    French:  Érable à feuilles de frêne, Érable négundo, Négondo, Érable à Giguère, Aulne-buis, Plaine à Giguère, Érable argilièr, Érable négondo, Érable à feuilles composes, Érable à feuilles de Frêne, érable de Malabar           
    German:  Eschen-Ahorn, Eschenblättriger Ahorn, Eschen-Ahorn,
    Greek:   Sféndamos (Σφένδαμος), Sfentani, Sfontamni
    Hebrew:  אדר מילני   Eder meilani, אדר מילני
    Hungarian:  Körislevelü’juhar , Zöld juhar
    Icelandic: Askhlynur
    Iran: Afraie-zinati
    Irish: Trom bosca
    Italian:  Acero Americano, acero a foglie di frassino, acero negundo,
    Japanese: Tonerikoba-no-kaede (トネリコバノカエデ)                                                                                                                
    Korean: Negundo danpung (네군도단풍)
    Latvian: Oslapu klava
    Lithuanian: Uosialapis klevas
    Netherlands: Vederesdoorn
    Norwegian:  Asklønn
    Persian: افرای برگ‌خاکستر
    Polish:  Klon jesionolistny, jesioklon
    Portuguese: Ácer, Ácer-negundo, Bordo-negundo, Negundo, pau-ferro              
    Romanian:  Arţar American
    Russian:  Klen amerikanskij (Kлен американский),  Klen iasenelistnyj (Kлен ясенелистный)
    Serbian: Pajavac (Пајавац), negundo (негундо)
    Slovak: Javor jaseňolistý              
    Slovenian:  Javor jesenovec, Amerikanski javor
    Spanish: Acecintle, Arce negundo, arce,  fresno de Guajuco, arce Americano, arce de hojas de fresno, arce negundo
    Swedish:  Asklönn
    Tatar: Тилгән өрәңгесе
    Turkish:  Dişbudak yapraklı akçaağaç, isfendan
    Ukrainian: Amerykansʹkyy klen (Американський клен), klen yasenolystyy (клен ясенолистий)              
    Upper Sorbian: Šědźiwy klon
    USA: Inland boxelder, Manitoba maple, western boxelder
    Welsh: Masarnen Dail Ynn
    Plant Growth Habit Suckering, short lived, fast-growing, weak-wooded, medium-sized, deciduous tree
    Growing Climates Riparian habitats, forests, woodland, wet forests, along roadsides, moist soil, interior valleys, coastal mountains, floodplain forests, open disturbed woodlands, thickets, river banks, streams, ponds or seasonally flooded flats, fence rows, shallow ditches
    Soil Able to tolerate a wide variety of soils but shows a strong preference for rich moist well-drained soils.  Although boxelder will grow on soils from gravel to clay, it grows best on deep, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils
    Plant Size Grows up to 10–25 m (35–80 ft.) tall, with a trunk diameter of 30–50 cm (12–20 in), rarely up to 1 m (3.3 ft.) diameter
    Root Usually develops a shallow, fibrous root system. On deep soils it may form a short taproot with strong laterals
    Shoot Green, often with a whitish to pink or violet waxy coating when young
    Bark Bark is smooth and green when young, become pale gray to light brown and separating into long thin ridges with shallow grooves with age
    Branches Smooth, somewhat brittle, and tend to retain a fresh green color rather than forming a bark of dead, protective tissue
    Twigs Twigs are stout, light green to purplish or brownish with a polished look or are often covered with a whitish bloom that is easily rubbed off
    Leaf Relatively large leaves about 15-38 cm long are oppositely arranged along the stems and are made up of 3-9 leaflets (i.e. they are pinnate). The leaflets are roughly oval or elongated in shape (i.e. ovate, elliptic or lanceolate) with margins that are irregularly or regularly toothed (i.e. crenate or serrate) and may, or may not, also be shallowly lobed
    Flowering season April to May
    Flower Separate male and female (i.e. unisexual) flowers are usually borne on separate plants (i.e. this species is dioecious). The male flowers are borne on very slender drooping stalks (i.e. pedicels) 2-7 cm long and usually has five prominent stamens. The female flowers are borne on shorter and thicker stalks (up to 4 cm long).
    Fruit Shape & Size Distinctive v-shaped fruit that is 3-4 cm long and are borne in drooping clusters and each fruit consists of two one-seeded structures that are prominently winged
    Fruit Color Initially green in color but turn yellowish and then pale brown as they mature
    Plant Parts Used Inner bark, sap
    Propagation By seed
    Lifespan 75 – 100 years
    Season September to October
    Precautions
    • Ingestion of sufficient quantities of box elder seeds or other parts of the plant results in breakdown of respiratory, postural, and cardiac muscles.

    Plant Description

    Box elder is a suckering, short lived, fast-growing, weak-wooded, medium-sized, deciduous tree that normally grows up to 10–25 m (35–80 ft.) tall, with a trunk diameter of 30–50 cm (12–20 in), rarely up to 1 m (3.3 ft.) diameter. The plant is found growing in riparian habitats, forests, woodland, wet forests, along roadsides, moist soil, interior valleys, coastal mountains, floodplain forests, open disturbed woodlands, thickets, river banks, streams, ponds or seasonally flooded flats, fence rows, shallow ditches, areas near bridges, urban waste areas, swamps, fresh mesic, deciduous forests, mesic to dry conifer forests oak savannas, chaparral and different kinds of prairie and grasslands. The plant is able to tolerate a wide variety of soils but shows a strong preference for rich moist well-drained soils.  Although box elder will grow on soils from gravel to clay, it grows best on deep, sandy loam, loam, or clay loam soils with a medium to rocky texture. Plants often become chlorotic on very alkaline soils.

    The plant usually develops a shallow, fibrous root system. On deep soils it may form a short taproot with strong laterals. Shoot are green, often with a whitish to pink or violet waxy coating when young. Twigs are stout, light green to purplish or brownish with a polished look or are often covered with a whitish bloom that is easily rubbed off. Bark is smooth and green when young, become pale gray to light brown and separating into long thin ridges with shallow grooves with age.

    Stems

    Mature trunks have brownish-grey coloured bark that is rough and shallowly fissured. The younger branches are relatively smooth, hairless (i.e. glabrous) and somewhat shiny when they are young, but the developing bark becomes flaky in appearance on older branches. The youngest branches are rounded and green or purplish in color. They are often initially covered in a whitish waxy or powdery coating that gives them a slightly bluish-green appearance (i.e. they are somewhat pruinose or glaucous). Dormant growing buds (2-5 mm long) are present at the tips of the stems during winter, and these usually have one or two pairs of scales that are covered in tiny whitish-coloured hairs.

    Leaves

    The relatively large leaves about 15-38 cm long are oppositely arranged along the stems and are made up of 3-9 leaflets (i.e. they are pinnate). These leaves are borne on a stalk (i.e. petiole) 5-12 cm long and each leaflet has its own smaller stalk (i.e. petiolule). The leaflets are roughly oval or elongated in shape (i.e. ovate, elliptic or lanceolate) with margins that are irregularly or regularly toothed (i.e. crenate or serrate) and may, or may not, also be shallowly lobed. The side (i.e. lateral) leaflets are 4-12 cm long and 2-4.5 cm wide, while the end (i.e. terminal) leaflet is usually significantly larger in size (up to 15 cm long and 8 cm wide) with a longer stalk (i.e. petiolule). These leaflets are usually entirely bright green in color, although sometimes they may have whitish-coloured blotches or margins (i.e. they may be variegated). Leaflets change color as they age and eventually turn dull yellow or brownish before being shed during autumn and winter. The undersides of the leaflets are paler in color, have prominent veins, and sometimes have a scattered covering of hairs that are more prominent along the veins.

    Leaf arrangement Opposite/sub opposite
    Leaf type Odd-pinnately compound; made up of 3-5 leaflets, occasionally 7-9
    Leaf margin Serrate, lobed
    Leaf shape Ovate, lanceolate
    Leaf venation Reticulate, pinnate
    Leaf type and persistence Deciduous
    Leaf blade length Leaflets 2 to 4 inches
    Leaf color Green on top, paler green underneath
    Fall color Yellow, orange
    Fall characteristic Showy

    Flowers

    Flowers appear just before, or with, the first leaves each spring, and are borne in the leaf forks (i.e. axils). Separate male and female (i.e. unisexual) flowers are usually borne on separate plants (i.e. this species is dioecious). Male and female flowers are both green and yellowish-green in color and lack any petals. They both have five tiny green sepals (about 1 mm long) and are arranged in drooping clusters (i.e. racemes) 2-15 cm long. The male flowers are borne on very slender drooping stalks (i.e. pedicels) 2-7 cm long and usually has five prominent stamens. The female flowers are borne on shorter and thicker stalks (up to 4 cm long). Flowering occurs during spring (i.e. from September to November).

    Flower color Yellow green
    Flower characteristics Not showy; emerges in clusters on racemes
    Flowering Early spring, prior to new leaves

     

    Fruit

    Fertile flowers are followed by distinctive v-shaped fruit that is 3-4 cm long and are borne in drooping clusters and each fruit consists of two one-seeded structures that are prominently winged (i.e. a special type of mericarp called a samara). They are joined together near the base to form a ‘double samara’. The seed compartment at the base of these structures is somewhat oval (i.e. ellipsoid) in shape and about 15 mm long, while the wings are prominently veined. Immature fruit are green in color but turn yellowish and then pale brown as they mature. Mature fruit tend to remain on the female trees throughout summer and autumn, and even into the winter. The paired samaras usually eventually separate after they are shed. The seeds themselves are strongly wrinkled.

    Fruit shape Elongated 2-winged samara
    Fruit length 1-1 1/2 inch
    Fruit covering Dry or hard
    Fruit color Brownish-tan
    Fruit characteristics Attracts squirrels/mammals; showy; fruit/leaves a litter problem

     

    Autumn-leaf-color-of-Box-elder Autumn-leaf-color-of-Box-elder
    Closer-view-of-immature-fruit-of-Box-elder Closer-view-of-immature-fruit-of-Box-elder
    Box-elder-sapling Box-elder-sapling
    Bark-of-mature-Box-elder-tree Bark-of-mature-Box-elder-tree
    Box-elder-Tree Box-elder-Tree
    Female-flower-of-Box-elder Female-flower-of-Box-elder
    Box-elder-Plant-growing-wild Box-elder-Plant-growing-wild
    Leaves-of-Box-elder Leaves-of-Box-elder
    Mature-fruits-of-Box-elder Mature-fruits-of-Box-elder
    Sketch-of-Box-elder Sketch-of-Box-elder
    Male-flower-cluster-of-Box-elder Male-flower-cluster-of-Box-elder
    Trunk-of-Box-elder Trunk-of-Box-elder
    Winter-buds-of-Box-elder Winter-buds-of-Box-elder
    Plant-illustration-of-Box-elder Plant-illustration-of-Box-elder
    Young-leaves-of-Box-elder Young-leaves-of-Box-elder
    Box elder Image Gallery

    Traditional uses and benefits of Box Elder

    • Tea made from the inner bark is used as an emetic.
    • The Meskwaki and Objibwa used it in various ways to induce vomiting.
    • Other Native American tribes used it to treat respiratory conditions, kidney infections, paralysis, and swellings, and other ailments.
    • European settlers used varying dosages of the inner bark of the tree to both reduce and induce vomiting, and also in a wash to treat maladies of the skin.

    Culinary Uses

    • Sap consists of a reasonable quantity of sugar and can be used as a refreshing drink or be concentrated into syrup.
    • The syrup is used as a sweetener on many foods.
    • The sugar from the sap of this tree is said to be whiter than that from other maples.
    • Inner bark can be consumed raw or cooked.
    • It can be dried, ground into a powder and then used as a thickener in soups etc. or be added to cereal flours when making bread, cakes etc.
    • Inner bark can also be boiled until the sugar crystallizes out of it.
    • Self-sown seedlings, gathered in early spring, are eaten fresh or dried for later use.
    • Seeds can be consumed cooked.
    • Wings are removed and the seeds boiled then eaten hot.
    • Sap has been used to make syrup by Native Americans, including the Dakota, Omaha, Pawnee and the Ponca.
    • The Cheyenne mix the boiled sap with shavings from the inner sides of animal hides and eat them as candy.
    • The Ojibwa mix the sap with that of the sugar maple and drink it as a beverage

    Other Facts

    • Leaves are packed around apples, root crops etc. to help preserve them.
    • A fairly wind-tolerant tree, it can be used in mixed plantings as a part of shelterbelt plantings.
    • Wood is soft, weak, light, close grained and it is used for boxes, cheap furniture, pulp, fuel etc.
    • Large trunk burls or knots have been used to make drums.
    • Wood may be used to make boxes and in rough construction, but it is only occasionally used to produce cheap furniture and other wooden products.
    • Wood was used for posts, fencing and fuel.
    • In North America, the foliage of A. negundo has poor nutritional value for livestock.
    • The tree is fully dioecious and both a male and female tree is needed for reproduction to occur.
    • The Dakota people and the Omaha people make the wood into charcoal, which is used in ceremonial painting and tattooing.
    • The Kiowa burn the wood in the altar fire during the peyote ceremony.
    • The Cheyenne burn the wood as incense for making spiritual medicines, and during Sun Dance ceremonies.
    • The Meskwaki use a decoction of the inner bark as an emetic.
    • The Ojibwa use an infusion of the inner bark for the same purpose.
    • Box elder was once used for posts, fencing, and fuel but the soft, spongy wood generally makes poor firewood.
    • Fruit stays on the tree throughout the winter.
    • Box elder serves as an important source of food for the wildlife.
    • Deer like to eat leaves, while birds and squirrels eat seed of box elder.
    • Box elder can be used to stabilize the soil and prevent erosion of river banks.

    References:

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28749#null

    http://www.hear.org/pier/species/acer_negundo.htm

    https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Acer+negundo

    https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/2862

    https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a841

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_negundo

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2616024

    https://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/aceneg/all.html

    https://keyserver.lucidcentral.org/weeds/data/media/Html/acer_negundo.htm

    https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ACRNE

    https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/misc/ag_654/volume_2/acer/negundo.htm

    http://www.narc.gov.jo/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=1170

    http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/trees/plants/box_elder.htm

    https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ACNE2

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    Box elder Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Acer negundo

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Sub Division Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames)
    Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    Subclass Rosidae
    Super Order Rosanae
    Order Sapindales
    Family Aceraceae (Maple family)
    Genus Acer L. (maple)
    Species Acer negundo L. (boxelder)
    Synonyms
    • Acer californicum var. texanum Pax
    • Acer fauriei H.Lév. & Vaniot
    • Acer fraxinifolium Nutt
    • Acer fraxinifolium Raf
    • Acer lobatum Raf
    • Acer negundo f. angustifolium Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. angustissimum Pax       
    • Acer negundo f. argenteolimbatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. argenteomarginatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. argenteonotatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. argenteovariegatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. auratum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. aureolimbatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. aureomaculatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. aureomarginatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. aureonotatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo var. aureovariegatum Wesm
    • Acer negundo f. aureovariegatum (Wesm.) Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. bicolor Pax       
    • Acer negundo subsp. boreale A.E.Murray
    • Acer negundo f. chrysophyllum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. crispum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. discolor Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. flamingo Geerinck        
    • Acer negundo f. fructurubro A.E.Murray              
    • Acer negundo f. giganteum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. glabrescens A.E.Murray             
    • Acer negundo f. guttatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. heterophyllum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. insigne Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. lanceolatum A.E.Murray
    • Acer negundo var. latifolium Pax             
    • Acer negundo subsp. latifolium (Pax) Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. latifolium Sarg
    • Acer negundo f. loeveorum B.Boivin      
    • Acer negundo f. luteopictum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. lutescens Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. nanum Schwer
    • Acer negundo var. negundo      
    • Acer negundo f. negundo           
    • Acer negundo f. petiolatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo var. poseudocalifornicum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. pruinosum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. quinatum Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. rubescens Schwer
    • Acer negundo var. rubifolium Pax & Schwer
    • Acer negundo f. sanguineum L.Martin  
    • Acer negundo var. texanum Pax              
    • Acer negundo var. trifoliatum Kuntze    
    • Acer negundo var. variegatum Jacques
    • Acer negundo f. variegatum (Jacques) Geerinck
    • Acer negundo f. versicolor Schwer
    • Acer negundo var. violaceum (Booth ex Loudon) G.Kirchn
    • Acer negundo f. violaceum (Booth ex G.Kirchn.) F.Seym
    • Acer negundo f. wesmaelianum Geerinck
    • Acer nuttallii (Nieuwl.) Lyon       
    • Acer trifoliatum Raf
    • Acer violaceum (Booth ex G.Kirchn.) Simonk
    • Negundo aceroides var. violaceum G. Kirchn
    • Negundo aceroides subsp. violaceus (Booth ex G. Kirchn.) W.A. Weber
    • Negundo fraxinifolium var. crispum Loudon
    • Negundo fraxinifolium var. violaceum Booth ex Loudon
    • Negundo negundo (L.) H.Karst
    • Negundo texanum (Pax) Rydb
    • Rulac negundo (L.) Hitchc.

    Box elder Acer negundo, is nutrient dense herb support for respiratory conditions, kidney infections, paralysis, swellings, vomiting and treat different maladies of the skin

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