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    Home»Poultry & Seafoods»Flatfish facts and nutrition
    Poultry & Seafoods

    Flatfish facts and nutrition

    By s mJuly 15, 2018Updated:July 15, 2018No Comments9 Mins Read
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    Some flatfish are fished commercially such as sole, flounder, plaice, turbot and halibut. They swim sideways. It hides on an ocean floor resting for prey. It has the ability for dynamic camouflage that is under nervous control and could change in real time. It has some features that suit its lifestyle. It has got both eyes on one side of head meaning upper side; one or other migrates through or around the head during development. Some species face its left sides upward or some has their right sides upward and others face their either side upward.

    Flatfish belongs to the member of order Pleuronectiformes of ray finned demersal fishes also known as Heterosomata that might be classified sometimes as a suborder Perciformes. Flatfish could mask themselves by resembling the color of the sea floor. They become patchy stone colored on pebbly bottoms and sand colored on sandy bottoms. These fishes start their lives as normal swimming fish but gets flattened body within some weeks. It is adapted totally to living on sea floor.

    About 600 species of flatfish are found such as flattened, oval and bony bodies which are found from tropical to cold waters. Some flatfish enter or live in freshwater permanently and most of the species lives at moderate depths along continental shelf. Species could vary from 4 inches to 7 ft. (10 cm to 2 m) long weighing 720 lb (325 kg).

    They could be divided into three groups: the soles, families Soleidae, Cynoglossidae, and Achiridae; and the flounders, families Achiropsettidate, Citharidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, Scophthalmidae and Samaridae and the spiny turbots, family Psettodidae.

    1. The Soles

    American soles are several Atlantic or one Pacific species. It has small close-set eyes with small and twisted mouths having few to no teeth. It prefers warm and shallow water having sandy or muddy bottom and are too small or bony for food. Solea solea is an European species of flatfish that measures 2-ft (61-cm) found from the Mediterranean to the North Sea is a valuable food fish being a source of fillet of sole.

    1. The Flounders

    They are much larger fishes that includes the halibut (Hippoglossus), fluke ( Paralichthys), the plaice (Pleuronectes) and the dab (Limanda). Flounder (smooth) are found in cold and shallow northern waters on muddy bottoms. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) is a vital food or game fish which is taken in large numbers by trawlers. It migrates to deeper waters to breed in winter. It belongs to the Pleuronectidae, righteye flounder family. California halibut or California flounder (P. californicus) is the prized sport fish found off California which weighs upto 50 lb (23 kg). Usually flounders feed on worms, small bottom invertebrates and crustaceans. American plaice is commonly found at depths from 20 to 100 fathoms on sandy or muddy bottoms feeding on sand dollars, sea urchins and other bottom life and measures 30 in. (76.2 cm) and 14 lb (6.4 kg).

    Halibuts are considered to be the largest flatfishes with great commercial importance. The Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) and the Pacific halibut (H. stenolepis) are similar having large mouths and sharp or strong teeth. Generally, male is much smaller than female.

    Description

    Flatfish has its irregularity characteristics having both eyes lying on same side of the head in an adult fish. Usually some families have their eyes on right side of the body (dextral or right-eyed flatfish) and others have on left (sinistral or left-eyed flatfish). Other distinguishable features are presence of protrusible eyes, extension of dorsal fin onto head and adaptation to living in seabed. The body side without eyes facing seabed is very pale or colorless usually. Generally, flatfishes are relied on its camouflage to avoid predators. Spiny turbots and flounders have well-developed teeth and consumes smaller fish. Sometimes, it seeks prey in midwater, away from bottom and shows some extreme adaptations in comparison to other families. Soles are bottom dwellers and feeds on invertebrates. It is more asymmetry and lacks teeth on one side of jaw. Flatfishes measures 4.5 cm (1.8 in) in length weighing 2 g (0.071 oz).

    Reproduction

    They lay eggs which hatch into larvae resembling typical and symmetrical fish. Initially, they are elongated which develops into a more rounded form quickly. Typically, larvae have protective spines on the head, over gills and in the pelvic or pectoral fins. It has swim bladder and do not dwell on the bottom, instead dispersing from their hatching grounds as plankton. In planktonic stage, length varies between various flatfishes but begins eventually to metamorphose into adult form. One of the eyes shifts across top of the head or onto other side of the body leaving blind on one side. Larva loses its spines or swim bladder and sinks to bottom laying its blind side on underlying surface.

    Fillets-of-Flatfish Flatfish-1 Flatfish-2 Flatfish-3 Flatfish-4 Flatfish-5 Flatfish-eyes Flatfish-skull Skeleton-of-Flatfish
    [Show thumbnails]

    Health Benefits of Flatfish

    Here are the health benefits discussed about flatfish:

    1. Loaded with protein

    It is considered to be a great source of protein. A cooked portion of 24 grams offers around 200 grams of protein. Men requires higher amount of protein regularly i.e. 56 grams of protein and women requires around 46 grams of protein. One serving grants almost half of daily recommended protein needs. Protein is also required to maintain and repair tissue, muscles and organs in the body. Flounder offers a great source of essential amino acids. Besides this, it has rich amounts of omega-3 fatty acids.

    1. Lower calories

    A serving of 100 grams of cooked portion is equal to 117 calories that makes it a low energy dense food. It has lower calories in comparison to its weight. The diet with low energy dense foods helps the one to feel full on lower calories and makes it easier to manage weight.

    1. Low fat content

    Flounder fish has low content of fat such as saturated fat. The fat found in food is considered to be a great source of calories that assist to absorb fat soluble vitamins but too much fat in diet increases the chances of heart associated problems.

    1. Healthy cholesterol

    Besides having low fat or protein, it has also low amount of saturated fat which is considered to be the harmful fat for the body as it promotes blood cholesterol in the body. The promotion of blood cholesterol in the blood forms blockage in heart and limits the flow of blood to and out of the heart. It is recommended that less than 10 percent of calories should be derived from saturated fat.

    1. Source of vitamins and minerals

    Flounder is a great source of vitamins such as magnesium, Vitamin B and phosphorus. One requires vitamin B to convert food into energy. Vitamin B is essential for red blood cells production that contains hemoglobin. Red blood cells are essential for the flow of oxygen. Being magnesium a mineral, it assist in production of energy, making protein and aiding blood sugar or blood pressure control. However, phosphorus is required for healthy bones and teeth.

    1. Fetus health

    Flounders are rich in omega 3 fatty acid which is essential for pregnant women at early stage. It assist to develop fetus heart, brain and also other vital part or functions of the body especially nerves of the baby during pregnancy. It is required for kids at earliest of age to promote its brain and nerve function.

    1. Lowers depression

    Studies show that the consumption of flounder lowers the chances of depression. Research showed that people who consumed flounder reduces the chances of depression by 17 percent in comparison to those who did not consume. Flounders offer nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins, protein and minerals which are related with lowering the chances of depression.

    1. Lowers the chances of dementia

    Studies have shown that consumption of fresh seafood such as flounder extend the function of brain nerve as it promotes and normalize flow of blood to the brain. Studies have added that oily fish such as mackerel, salmon, flounder and sardines helps to encounter Alzheimer’s disease.

    1. Combat diabetes

    The consumption of fish is found to be helpful for diabetic patients. The consumption of flounder helps to counteract diabetes and also the chances of getting diabetes.

    1. Helpful for arthritis and inflammation

    Flounder has ample Omega 3 fatty acids that provides anti-inflammatory properties for bone assisting to provide relief from arthritis and also prevent other diseases associated to inflammation such as heart diseases. Omega-3 found in flounder helps to reduce the level of unhealthy blood fats, raise healthy cholesterol, reduce growth of arteries clogging and also reduces blood pressure.

    How to Eat         

    • Its lean flesh is pan-fried, grilled, deep-fried and baked.
    • Coat fillets in rye flour and sizzle for few minutes in browned butter.
    • Serve it on buttered rye bread with remoulade and lemon.
    • It could be accompanied with potatoes, pickled things such as raw lingonberry jam and cucumber salad.
    • Pair it with steamed vegetables.

    Precautions

    • One should limit its intake.
    • Consume it with caution.
    • Breastfeeding and pregnant women should consult the doctor before its consumption.
    • Some people might get allergic reactions. So avoid it.
    • It has high chances of contamination.

    Other Facts        

    • It resembles flat and circular ball having fins circling around.
    • Usually, they are brown in color but could be found in colors such as green, orange, red and blue.
    • Most of the species live in warm and moderate oceans but few could be found in Arctic waters.
    • Mostly they are nocturnal.
    • These demersal fish feeds on bottom of sea bed.
    • It is also known as ambush predators.
    • Spawning occurs during hotter months of the year in flounder species.
    • Its predators are eels, big fish, humans and sharks.
    • Industrial pollution is regarded to decreasing its numbers.
    • Usually females are larger than males.
    • The body color depends on its habitat. It has the ability to change the body color to adapt the color of the environment in 2-8 seconds.
    • On the basis of an eye position, flounders are divided into two categories: righteye flounders and lefteye flounders.
    • Flounder is a nocturnal animal which means they are active during night.
    • It is motionless and waits for prey to appear and grabs it in a blink of an eye.
    • Usually, eyes are the only visible part of its body.
    • Female lays upto 1,00,000 eggs in water and at the same time male releases sperm cells.
    • After a couple days of hatching, larvae transforms into juvenile fish.
    • Flounder survives from 3-10 years in wild.

    References:

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=172702#null

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish

    https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatfish

    https://www.ecomare.nl/en/in-depth/reading-material/animals/animals-the-mud-flats/flatfish/

    https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/flatfish

    https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/plants-and-animals/animals/vertebrate-zoology/flatfish

    https://www.dailyscandinavian.com/scandinavian-flatfish/

    http://www.northendfish.com/05-fish-facts/flounder-sole-fish-facts/

    https://mobile-cuisine.com/did-you-know/flounder-fun-facts/

    http://www.softschools.com/facts/animals/flounder_facts/1400/

    https://drhealthbenefits.com/food-bevarages/fish/health-benefits-of-eating-flounder

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    Facts of Flatfish

    Flatfish Quick Facts
    Name: Flatfish
    Scientific Name: Pleuronectiformes
    Colors Changeable
    Shapes Oval-shaped, flattened
    Flesh colors White
    Calories 109 Kcal./cup
    Major nutrients Selenium (75.27%)
    Vitamin B-12 (69.17%)
    Lysine (59.27%)
    Isoleucine (57.30%)
    Tryptophan (56.82%)
    Health benefits Loaded with protein, Lower calories, Low fat content, Healthy cholesterol, Source of vitamins and minerals
    Name Flatfish
    Scientific Name Pleuronectiformes
    Common/English Name Flatfish, flatfishes, flounders, soles
    Name in Other Languages French: limandes, plies, poissons plats;
    Japanese: Karei-me (カレイ目);
    Swedish: Plattfiskar;
    Dutch: Platvissen
    Body shape & size Oval-shaped, flattened
    Fillets Thin
    Flesh Firm, moist, white
    Skin Bright  and slippery
    Flavor Mild
    Major Nutritions Selenium, Se 41.4 µg (75.27%)
    Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamine) 1.66 µg (69.17%)
    Lysine 1.982 g (59.27%)
    Isoleucine 0.958 g (57.30%)
    Tryptophan 0.25 g (56.82%)
    Phosphorus, P 392 mg (56.00%)
    Threonine 0.913 g (51.88%)
    Valine 1.016 g (48.11%)
    Leucine 1.695 g (45.86%)
    Protein 19.35 g (38.70%)
    Health Benefits
    • Loaded with protein
    • Lower calories
    • Low fat content
    • Healthy cholesterol
    • Source of vitamins and minerals
    • Fetus health
    • Lowers depression
    • Lowers the chances of dementia
    • Combat diabetes
    • Helpful for arthritis and inflammation
    Calories in 1 fillet (127 g) 109 Kcal.

    Flatfish Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Pleuronectiformes

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Animalia  (Animal, animaux, animals)
    Subkingdom Bilateria
    Infrakingdom Deuterostomia
    Phylum Chordata  (Cordés, cordado, chordates)
    Subphylum Vertebrata  (Vertebrado, vertébrés, vertebrates)
    Infraphylum Gnathostomata
    Superclass Actinopterygii  (Ray-finned fishes, spiny rayed fishes, poisson épineux, poissons à nageoires rayonnées)
    Class Teleostei
    Superorder Acanthopterygii
    Order Pleuronectiformes  (Flatfishes, flounders, soles, limandes, plies, poissons plats)
    Suborder Psettodoidei  (Psettodids)
    • Dry heat
    • Raw
    Nutritional value of Fish, flatfish (flounder and sole species), cooked, dry heat
    Serving Size:1 fillet, 127 g

    Calories 109 Kcal. Calories from Fat 27.09 Kcal.

     

    Proximity Amount % DV
    Water 103.01 g N/D
    Energy 109 Kcal N/D
    Energy 460 kJ N/D
    Protein 19.35 g 38.70%
    Total Fat (lipid) 3.01 g 8.60%
    Ash 1.89 g N/D

     
    Minerals Amount % DV
    Calcium, Ca 32 mg 3.20%
    Iron, Fe 0.29 mg 3.63%
    Magnesium, Mg 28 mg 6.67%
    Phosphorus, P 392 mg 56.00%
    Potassium, K 250 mg 5.32%
    Sodium, Na 461 mg 30.73%
    Zinc, Zn 0.5 mg 4.55%
    Copper, Cu 0.029 mg 3.22%
    Manganese, Mn 0.022 mg 0.96%
    Selenium, Se 41.4 µg 75.27%


     
    Vitamins Amount % DV
    Water soluble Vitamins
    Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 0.033 mg 2.75%
    Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.032 mg 2.46%
    Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 1.623 mg 10.14%
    Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) 0.288 mg 5.76%
    Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 0.146 mg 11.23%
    Vitamin B9 (Folate) 8 µg 2.00%
    Folate, food 8 µg N/D
    Folate, DEF 8 µg N/D
    Choline 101.5 mg 18.45%
    Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamine) 1.66 µg 69.17%
    Fat soluble Vitamins
    Vitamin A, RAE 15 µg 2.14%
    Vitamin A, IU 47 IU N/D
    Retinol 15 µg N/D
    Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 0.98 mg 6.53%
    Tocopherol, beta 0.03 mg N/D
    Tocopherol, gamma 0.01 mg N/D
    Tocopherol, delta 0.41 mg N/D
    Vitamin D (D2 + D3) 4.4 µg N/D
    Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) 4.4 µg N/D
    Vitamin D 177 IU N/D
    Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 0.1 µg 0.08%

     
    Lipids Amount % DV
    Fatty acids, total saturated 0.688 g N/D
    capric acid 10:00 (decanoic acid) 0.005 g N/D
    Lauric acid (dodecanoic acid) 12:00 0.01 g N/D
    Myristic acid  14:00(Tetradecanoic acid) 0.135 g N/D
    pentadecanoic acid (15:00) 0.01 g N/D
    Palmitic acid 16:00 (Hexadecanoic acid) 0.439 g N/D
    Margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid) 17:00 0.005 g N/D
    Stearic acid 18:00 (Octadecanoic acid) 0.083 g N/D
    Arachidic acid 20:00 (Eicosanoic acid) 0.001 g N/D
    Lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid) 24:00 0.001 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total monounsaturated 0.834 g N/D
    Palmitoleic acid 16:1 (hexadecenoic acid) 0.141 g N/D
    Heptadecenoic acid 17:1 0.042 g N/D
    Oleic acid 18:1 (octadecenoic acid) 0.558 g N/D
    Gadoleic acid 20:1 (eicosenoic acid) 0.093 g N/D
    Erucic acid 22:1 (docosenoic acid) 0.001 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated 0.583 g N/D
    Linoleic acid 18:2 (octadecadienoic acid) 0.07 g N/D
    Linolenic acid 18:3 (Octadecatrienoic acid) 0.027 g N/D
    18:04 0.019 g N/D
    20:2 n-6 c,c 0.008 g N/D
    20:3 undifferentiated 0.011 g N/D
    20:4 undifferentiated 0.023 g N/D
    20:5 n-3 (EPA) 0.213 g N/D
    22:04 0.003 g N/D
    22:5 n-3 (DPA) 0.043 g N/D
    22:6 n-3 (DHA) 0.168 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total trans 0.018 g N/D
    Cholesterol 71 mg N/D

     
    Amino acids Amount % DV
    Tryptophan 0.25 g 56.82%
    Threonine 0.913 g 51.88%
    Isoleucine 0.958 g 57.30%
    Leucine 1.695 g 45.86%
    Lysine 1.982 g 59.27%
    Methionine 0.711 g N/D
    Cystine 0.232 g N/D
    Phenylalanine 0.792 g N/D
    Tyrosine 0.747 g N/D
    Valine 1.016 g 48.11%
    Arginine 1.396 g N/D
    Histidine 0.475 g 38.56%
    Alanine 1.204 g N/D
    Aspartic acid 2.156 g N/D
    Glutamic acid 3.32 g N/D
    Glycine 0.998 g N/D
    Proline 0.761 g N/D
    Serine 0.904 g N/D

    *Above mentioned Percent Daily Values (%DVs) are based on 2,000 calorie diet intake. Daily values (DVs) may be different depending upon your daily calorie needs. Mentioned values are recommended by a U.S. Department of Agriculture. They are not healthbenefitstimes.com recommendations. Calculations are based on average age of 19 to 50 years and weighs 194 lbs.

     

    Source:
    https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

    Nutritional value of Fish, flatfish (flounder and sole species), raw
    Serving Size:1 fillet, 163 g

    Calories 114 Kcal. Calories from Fat 28.35 Kcal.

     

    Proximity Amount % DV
    Water 137.95 g N/D
    Energy 114 Kcal N/D
    Energy 479 kJ N/D
    Protein 20.23 g 40.46%
    Total Fat (lipid) 3.15 g 9.00%
    Ash 1.99 g N/D

     
    Minerals Amount % DV
    Calcium, Ca 34 mg 3.40%
    Iron, Fe 0.29 mg 3.63%
    Magnesium, Mg 29 mg 6.90%
    Phosphorus, P 411 mg 58.71%
    Potassium, K 261 mg 5.55%
    Sodium, Na 482 mg 32.13%
    Zinc, Zn 0.52 mg 4.73%
    Copper, Cu 0.031 mg 3.44%
    Manganese, Mn 0.023 mg 1.00%
    Selenium, Se 43.4 µg 78.91%


     
    Vitamins Amount % DV
    Water soluble Vitamins
    Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 0.036 mg 3.00%
    Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 0.033 mg 2.54%
    Vitamin B3 (Niacin) 1.695 mg 10.59%
    Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid) 0.302 mg 6.04%
    Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 0.16 mg 12.31%
    Vitamin B9 (Folate) 8 µg 2.00%
    Folate, food 8 µg N/D
    Folate, DEF 8 µg N/D
    Choline 106 mg 19.27%
    Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamine) 1.84 µg 76.67%
    Fat soluble Vitamins
    Vitamin A, RAE 16 µg 2.29%
    Vitamin A, IU 54 IU N/D
    Retinol 16 µg N/D
    Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 1.03 mg 6.87%
    Tocopherol, beta 0.02 mg N/D
    Tocopherol, gamma 0.02 mg N/D
    Tocopherol, delta 0.42 mg N/D
    Vitamin D (D2 + D3) 4.6 µg N/D
    Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) 4.6 µg N/D
    Vitamin D 184 IU N/D
    Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 0.2 µg 0.17%

     
    Lipids Amount % DV
    Fatty acids, total saturated 0.719 g N/D
    capric acid 10:00 (decanoic acid) 0.005 g N/D
    Lauric acid (dodecanoic acid) 12:00 0.01 g N/D
    Myristic acid  14:00(Tetradecanoic acid) 0.142 g N/D
    pentadecanoic acid (15:00) 0.011 g N/D
    Palmitic acid 16:00 (Hexadecanoic acid) 0.46 g N/D
    Margaric acid (heptadecanoic acid) 17:00 0.005 g N/D
    Stearic acid 18:00 (Octadecanoic acid) 0.086 g N/D
    Arachidic acid 20:00 (Eicosanoic acid) 0.002 g N/D
    Lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid) 24:00 0.002 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total monounsaturated 0.872 g N/D
    16:1 undifferentiated 0.147 g N/D
    16:1 c 0.143 g N/D
    16:1 t 0.003 g N/D
    17:01 0.044 g N/D
    18:1 undifferentiated 0.584 g N/D
    18:1 c 0.571 g N/D
    18:1 t 0.011 g N/D
    20:01 0.098 g N/D
    22:1 undifferentiated 0.002 g N/D
    22:1 t 0.002 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated 0.61 g N/D
    Linoleic acid 18:2 (octadecadienoic acid) 0.073 g N/D
    18:2 n-6 c,c 0.07 g N/D
    18:2 t not further defined 0.002 g N/D
    18:3 undifferentiated 0.028 g N/D
    18:3 n-3 c,c,c (ALA) 0.028 g N/D
    18:3 n-6 c,c,c 0.002 g N/D
    18:04 0.02 g N/D
    20:2 n-6 c,c 0.008 g N/D
    20:3 undifferentiated 0.011 g N/D
    20:3 n-6 0.003 g N/D
    20:4 undifferentiated 0.024 g N/D
    20:5 n-3 (EPA) 0.223 g N/D
    22:04 0.002 g N/D
    22:5 n-3 (DPA) 0.046 g N/D
    22:6 n-3 (DHA) 0.176 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total trans 0.018 g N/D
    Fatty acids, total trans-monoenoic 0.016 g N/D
    Cholesterol 73 mg N/D

     
    Amino acids Amount % DV
    Tryptophan 0.262 g 59.55%
    Threonine 0.954 g 54.20%
    Isoleucine 1.001 g 59.87%
    Leucine 1.772 g 47.94%
    Lysine 2.07 g 61.90%
    Methionine 0.742 g N/D
    Cystine 0.243 g N/D
    Phenylalanine 0.828 g N/D
    Tyrosine 0.781 g N/D
    Valine 1.061 g 50.24%
    Arginine 1.459 g N/D
    Histidine 0.496 g 40.26%
    Alanine 1.257 g N/D
    Aspartic acid 2.253 g N/D
    Glutamic acid 3.467 g N/D
    Glycine 1.043 g N/D
    Proline 0.794 g N/D
    Serine 0.944 g N/D

    *Above mentioned Percent Daily Values (%DVs) are based on 2,000 calorie diet intake. Daily values (DVs) may be different depending upon your daily calorie needs. Mentioned values are recommended by a U.S. Department of Agriculture. They are not healthbenefitstimes.com recommendations. Calculations are based on average age of 19 to 50 years and weighs 194 lbs.

     

    Source:
    https://ndb.nal.usda.gov/

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