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    Home»Herbs and Spices»Facts about Yellow Rocket cress
    Herbs and Spices

    Facts about Yellow Rocket cress

    By SylviaMarch 21, 2019Updated:March 21, 2019No Comments5 Mins Read
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    Facts about Yellow Rocket cress

    Yellow Rocket cress Quick Facts
    Name: Yellow Rocket cress
    Scientific Name: Barbarea vulgaris
    Origin Eurasia and North Africa
    Colors Green when young turning to brown as they matures
    Shapes Narrow silique, glabrous, erect to spreading, 1.5-3.0 cm long, slightly compressed and beaked
    Taste Hot and cress like with a peppery, slightly bitter taste
    Health benefits Beneficial for treating wounds and works as appetizer, anti-scorbutic and diuretic
    Barbarea vulgaris, yellow rocket cress or bitter cress is a biennial herb of the genus Barbarea, belonging to the Brassicaceae ⁄ Cruciferae (Mustard family). It is a tap rooted biennial forb native to Eurasia and North Africa. Few of the popular common names of the plant are Rocket cress, Winter cress, Yellow rocket, Bitter cress, Cressy-greens, Garden yellow rocket, Herb-Barbaras, Upland cress, Bitter winter cress, Common winter cress, Cress, herb Barbara, winter rocket, wound rocket and yellow rocket cress. The genus name Barbarea is derived from Saint Barbara, the patron saint of artillerymen and miners, as this plant in the past was used to soothe the wounds caused by explosions. The species Latin name vulgaris means “common”.

    The plant is gathered from the wild for local use as a food and a medicine. It is occasionally grown as a salad crop and also sometimes as an ornamental (the cultivar ‘Variegata’ with variegated leaves is used ornamentally). Research has also shown that, with its winter hardiness and high seed yields, it has the potential to become a new oil seed crop.

    Plant Description

    Yellow Rocket cress is a tap rooted biennial forb, or occasionally annual or short-lived perennial plant that grows about 30–60 cm (12–24 in) high, with a maximum of 1 m (3 ft. 3 in).The plant is found growing in damp ground and lowland areas including riverbanks, meadows, shingle and ditches, to more disturbed habitats such as roadside verges, arable land, wasteland and docklands, fresh or moist places, in arable land, or on the slopes, pastures, amongst crops and fields, gardens, vacant lots, construction sites, fallow fields, hay fields, ditch banks, rocky outcrops, stony slopes. The plant prefers siliceous, calcareous, sandy, alluvial and clay soils, avoiding highly acidic sites. Root crown diameter ranges from less than 0.1 cm to 5 cm. Tap roots often exceed 50 cm in depth. An extensive, much branched, fibrous secondary root system develops. Stem is erect, branched, and hairless, ridged or angled, about 0.4 to 80 cm tall, purplish or green with purple streaks or stripes. Multiple stems arise from the base, forming a clump.

    Leaves

    Leaves become progressively smaller as they ascend the stem. Near the base of the plant they are deeply lobed with a large rounded lobe at the tip and 1 to 4 pairs of small rounded lobes on the stalk. Basal leaves are up to 6 inches long and 2½ inches wide. The edges are often somewhat wavy. Stem leaves typically have a pair of lobes (auricles) at the base of the stalk that clasp the stem.

    At the top of the plant leaves are rather smaller and somewhat variable, may be unlobed, wedge shaped to oval or shallowly lobed with little or no stalk. The upper surface of all leaves is dark green and glossy. Attachment is alternate.

    Flower

    Yellow rocket flowers are yellow and often appear in a cluster. Each flower measures 1 to 1.5 cm across. The flower has four petals generally appearing in the formation of a cross. The flower has six stamens, two are short and four are long. Clusters elongate as the plant matures, with flowers blooming at the tip and fruit forming along the stem below. During the second year of growth flowers can occur at any time once matured.

    Fruit

    Fertile flowers are followed by narrow silique fruit, glabrous, erect to spreading, 1.5-3.0 cm long, slightly compressed and beaked. Beak is about 3 mm long. Nearly 18-24 seeds are produced per fruit. Seeds are 1.0-1.5 mm long, circular in outline, oblong in cross-section and somewhat flattened.

    The plant flowers from April through July and bears fruit from July to September, starting during second year of vegetation. After fruiting, the above-ground parts of the plant die off, and every spring a new flowering and fructiferous stem develops from root collar. B. vulgaris propagates by seeds and rootstocks. Maximum productivity is up to 10000 seeds.

    Barbarea vulgaris Image Gallery
    Dried-fruits-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Dried-fruits-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Flowering-buds-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Flowering-buds-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Flower-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Flower-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Leaves-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Leaves-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Plant-Illustration-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Plant-Illustration-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Seeds-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Seeds-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Sketch-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Sketch-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Small-Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant Small-Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant
    Stem-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Stem-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Unripe-fruits-of-Yellow-Rocketcress Unripe-fruits-of-Yellow-Rocketcress
    Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant
    Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant-growing-wild Yellow-Rocketcress-Plant-growing-wild
    History

    Barbarea vulgaris was introduced to North America about 1800 although specimens’ were still rare to absent in Ontario as late as 1878. It was not listed as one of the 149 common weeds in Canada in 1930 and was relatively rare, being restricted to low, wet ground (Montgomery 1955).

    By 1948 it was common throughout Ontario and Quebec and had been found as far north as Moosonee. It was known to be spreading and was a common impurity in clover, grass and alfalfa seeds. It had been added to the list of secondary noxious weeds. At that time it was felt that draining of the field, followed by ploughing and fall or spring cultivation, or by grazing by sheep, would eradicate the weed.

    From the 1950s up to the present, it has increased in numbers in the central region of the continent. By 1976 the species was considered to be one of the 117 most common weeds in Canada. It is also one of the three most important broadleaved perennial weeds in Wisconsin forage crops but its numbers have not increased significantly recently.

    Few Traditional uses and benefits of using Yellow Rocket cress

    • The leaves are vulnerary and have been used as a poultice for treating wounds.
    • A tea made from the leaves is appetizer, antiscorbutic and diuretic.

    Culinary Uses

    • Young leaves are consumed raw or cooked like spinach.
    • Young leaves are chopped up finely and added to salads.
    • Older leaves can be used as a potherb but they are rather strong and are best cooked in one or two changes of water.
    • Young flowering stems are harvested before the flowers open and cooked like broccoli.
    • Basal leaves are edible early spring; they can be chopped up and added to salads like rucola, which has a similar tang.
    • You can dry the leaves to make tea.

    References:

    http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2669712

    https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=22741#null

    https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/99760/

    http://www.hear.org/pier/species/barbarea_vulgaris.htm

    https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=6491

    https://pfaf.org/User/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Barbarea+vulgaris

    http://www.floracatalana.net/barbarea-vulgaris-r-br-in-aiton

    https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=BAVU

    https://www.invasiveplantatlas.org/subject.html?sub=5175

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbarea_vulgaris

    https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/BARVU

    http://www.agroatlas.ru/en/content/weeds/Barbarea_vulgaris/index.html

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    Yellow Rocket cress Facts

    Name Yellow Rocket cress
    Scientific Name Barbarea vulgaris
    Native Eurasia and North Africa
    Common Names Rocket cress,  Winter cress,  Yellow rocket, Bittercress, Cressy-greens, Garden yellow rocket, Herb-Barbaras, Upland cress, Bitter wintercress, Common wintercress, Cress,  herb Barbara, winter rocket, wound rocket, yellow rocketcress
    Name in Other Languages Albanian: Barbare, barbarea e zakonshme
    Arabic: Kuth’ shayie  (كثء شائع)
    Bashkir: Тиле шалҡан
    Bulgarian: Obiknovena zlina (обикновена злина)           
    Catalan: Barbàrea, herba bàrbara, herba de los feridos, herba de Santa Bàrbara
    Chinese: Ou zhōu shān gài (欧洲山芥)
    Croatian: Barica, obična repnica
    Czech: Barborka obecná
    Danish:  Almindelig vinterkarse, Udspærret Vinterkarse
    Dutch:  Barbarakruid, Gewoon Barbarakruid
    English:  Rocket cress,  Winter cress,  Yellow rocket, Bittercress, Cressy-greens, Garden yellow rocket, Herb-Barbaras, Upland cress, Bitter wintercress, Common wintercress, Cress,  herb Barbara, winter rocket, wound rocket, yellow rocketcress
    Esperanto: Barbara-herbo
    Estonian: Kaarkollakas, läänekollakas     
    Finnish:  Peltokanankaali, Kanankaali
    French:   Barbarée, Barbarée commune, Barbarée vulgaire, Girarde jaune, Herbe aux charpentiers, Herbe de Sainte-Barbe, Cresson d’hiver, Cresson de terre, barbarée arquée, barbarée officinale
    Gaelic: Treabhach
    German:  Barbarakraut, Echtes Barbarakraut, Echte Winterkresse, Gewöhnliches Barbarakraut, Winterkresse, echtes Barbenkresse, gemeine Winterkresse, gewöhnliche Winterkresse
    Greek: Varvaréa makrófyllos (βαρβαρέα μακρόφυλλος), varvaréa toxoeidís (βαρβαρέα τοξοειδής)
    Hungarian: Közönséges borbálafű
    Icelandic: Garðableikja
    Italian:  Erba disanta Barbara, barbarea commune, erba di Santa Barbara, erba di Santa Barbara comune
    Japanese: Haruzakiyamagarashi (ハルザキヤマガラシ), seiyoyamagarashi (セイヨヤマガラシ), yamagarashi (ヤマガラシ)
    Latvian: Lokaugļu zvērene, parastā zverēne
    Lithuanian: Lenktavaisė barborytė, Paprastoji barborytė
    Norwegian:  Vinterkarse
    Occitan: Erbo de santo barbo, Grascap
    Polish: Gorczycznik Pospolity
    Portuguese:  Erva-de-Santa-Bárbara, agrião-da-terra, erva-de-são-julião, erva-dos-carpinteiros, agrião-de-inverno, erva-carpinteira, erva-de-santa-bárbara
    Romanian: Bărbişoară, krușețiă obișnută, krușețiă țаrpănă
    Russian: Surepitsa obyknovennaya (Сурепица обыкновенная), Surepka obyknovennaya (Сурепка обыкновенная)
    Serbian: Dičak (дичак)     
    Slovak: Barborka obyčajná
    Slovene: Navadna barbica
    Spanish:  Hierba de Santa Bárbara, hierba de los carpinteros, yerba de Santa Bárbara, yerba de los carpinteros, barbarea, berro de invierno
    Swedish:  Bangyllen, Sommargyllen, Vanlig sommargyllen, Vanlig vinterkrasse, Peltokanankaali
    Turkish: Nicar out
    Ukrainian: Campe barbarea, Suripytsya zvychayna (Суріпиця звичайна)
    Welsh: Berwr y gaeaf
    Plant Growth Habit Tap rooted biennial forb, or occasionally annual or short-lived perennial
    Growing Climates Found growing in damp ground and lowland areas including riverbanks, meadows, shingle and ditches, to more disturbed habitats such as roadside verges, arable land, wasteland and docklands, fresh or moist places, in arable land, or on the slopes, pastures, amongst crops and fields, gardens, vacant lots, construction sites, fallow fields, hay fields, ditch banks, rocky outcrops, stony slopes
    Soil Siliceous, calcareous, sandy, alluvial and clay soils, avoiding highly acidic sites
    Plant Size 30–60 cm (12–24 in) high, with a maximum of 1 m (3 ft. 3 in)
    Root Root crown diameter ranges from less than 0.1 cm to 5 cm. The tap roots often exceed 50 cm in depth. An extensive, much branched, fibrous secondary root system develops
    Stem Erect, about 0.4 to 80 cm tall, sometimes branching, glabrous, herbaceous, ridged
    Leaf Basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed
    Flowering season April through July
    Flower Borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the foliage. They are 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) long, with four bright yellow petals
    Fruit Shape & Size Narrow silique, glabrous, erect to spreading, 1.5-3.0 cm long, slightly compressed, beaked
    Fruit Color Green when young turning to brown as they matures
    Seed 1.0-1.5 mm long, circular in outline, oblong in cross-section, somewhat flattened
    Propagation By seeds
    Taste Hot and cress like with a peppery, slightly bitter taste
    Season July to September
    Other Facts
    • Winter cress produces up to 10,000 seeds per plant.
    Precautions
    • There is a report that ingestion of the leaves can lead to kidney malfunction.

    Yellow Rocketcress Scientific Classification

    Scientific Name: Barbarea vulgaris

    Rank Scientific Name & (Common Name)
    Kingdom Plantae (Plants)
    Subkingdom Tracheobionta (Vascular plants)
    Infrakingdom Streptophyta  (land plants)
    Superdivision Spermatophyta (Seed plants)
    Division Magnoliophyta (Flowering plants)
    Subdivision Spermatophytina  (spermatophytes, seed plants, phanérogames)
    Class Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledons)
    Subclass Dilleniidae
    Superorder Rosanae
    Order Capparales
    Family Brassicaceae ⁄ Cruciferae (Mustard family)
    Genus Barbarea W.T. Aiton (yellowrocket)
    Species Barbarea vulgaris W.T. Aiton (garden yellowrocket)
    Synonyms
    • Arabis barbarea Bernh
    • Barbarea abortiva Hausskn
    • Barbarea altaica Andrz. ex Steud
    • Barbarea arcuata (Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl) Rchb
    • Barbarea arcuata Andrz. ex DC
    • Barbarea arcuata f. brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Kuusk
    • Barbarea arcuata var. pubescens Busch
    • Barbarea arcuata f. pubescens (Busch) Kuusk
    • Barbarea augustana Boiss
    • Barbarea balcana Pančić               
    • Barbarea barbarea MacMill
    • Barbarea barbarea subsp. brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper
    • Barbarea barbarea var. longisiliquosa (Carion) Farw
    • Barbarea hirsuta Weihe
    • Barbarea iberica (Willd.) DC
    • Barbarea kayseri Schur
    • Barbarea lepuznica Nyár
    • Barbarea linnaei Spenn
    • Barbarea lyrata Asch
    • Barbarea macrophylla Halácsy
    • Barbarea pyrenaica Jord
    • Barbarea rivularis Martrin-Donos
    • Barbarea rivularis Pančić
    • Barbarea rupestris Steud
    • Barbarea sicula Gren. & Godr
    • Barbarea stricta Willk
    • Barbarea sylvestris Jord
    • Barbarea taurica DC
    • Barbarea vicina Martrin-Donos 
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. arcuata (Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl) Fr
    • Barbarea vulgaris subsp. arcuata (Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl) Čelak
    • Barbarea vulgaris subsp. arcuata Čelak
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud        
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. gracilis DC
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. hirsuta (Weihe) Fernald
    • Barbarea vulgaris f. hirsuta (Weihe) Fernald       
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. longisiliquosa Carion          
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. macrophylla Halácsy
    • Barbarea vulgaris f. plena Fernald
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. sylvestris Fr
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. taurica (DC.) Hook.f. & T.Anderson
    • Barbarea vulgaris var. vulgaris
    • Barbarea vulgaris f. vulgaris        
    • Barbarea vulgaris subsp. vulgaris
    • Campe barbarea (Garsault) W.Wight
    • Campe barbarea var. hirsuta (Weihe) House      
    • Campe rivularis (Martrin-Donos) A.Heller
    • Campe vulgaris (R.Br.) Dulac
    • Cheiranthus ibericus Willd
    • Cheiranthus laevigatus Willd. ex DC
    • Crucifera arcuata E.H.L.Krause
    • Crucifera barbaraea E.H.L.Krause
    • Eruca barbarea Lam
    • Erysimum arcuatum Opiz ex J.Presl & C.Presl
    • Erysimum barbarea L
    • Erysimum lucidum Salisb
    • Erysimum lyratum Gilib
    • Erysimum lyrifolium Stokes        
    • Sisymbrium barbarea Garsault
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