Red grapes are synonymous with good health. Although it’s true that white grapes also are beneficial to our well-being, darker grapes possess a greater number of antioxidants. There are people who don’t distinguish between the flavors of different grapes. Those who do understand the difference appreciate a nice bunch of red grapes above any other type.

Red grapes are not just meant for making the world’s finest wine. There are more than 200 varieties of red grapes all over the world. Red varieties include red globe, cardinal, emperor, and flame seedless. Having been cultivated for thousands of years, dating back to the ancient Egyptians, grapes have always played an important part in global cultures. Purple grapes were likely the first to be cultivated, but red grapes have been cultivated for at least 1,200 years.

Red grapes contain fewer calories than green grapes. Red grapes contain Vitamins A, C, B6, potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, folate, magnesium and selenium. Flavonoids are the most powerful antioxidants found in grapes that contribute to ocular health.

Red grapes are a popular fruit in fruit salads and eaten raw, but are also important components for grape juice and wine. These grapes have a particular combination of pigment cells and resveratrol in the skin that gives them their distinctive color; for example, yellow and green grapes have lower resveratrol content than red grapes. One of the most commonly found grape varieties around the world, red grapes come in seeded and seedless varieties.

Popular Red grape varieties

The most popular red grape varieties today are Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Syrah/Shiraz, and Zinfandel. You can find these grapes in varietal wines and place-name wines.

1. Cabernet Sauvignon

Cabernet Sauvignon is an honorable grape variety that grows well in just about any climate that isn’t very cool. It became famous through the red wines of the Médoc district of Bordeaux. Today, California is an equally important region for Cabernet Sauvignon not to mention Washington state, southern France, Italy, Australia, South Africa, Chile, and Argentina. The Cabernet Sauvignon grape makes wines that are high in tannin and are medium- to full-bodied.

2. Merlot

Deep color, full body, high alcohol, and low tannin are the characteristics of wines made from the Merlot grape. Aromas and flavors can be plummy or sometimes chocolaty, or they can recommend tea leaves.

3. Pinot Noir

The Pinot Noir grape variety is finicky, troublesome, mysterious, and challenging. But a great Pinot Noir can be one of the greatest wines ever. The prototype for Pinot Noir wine is red Burgundy, from France, where tiny vineyard plots produce rare treasures of wine made entirely from Pinot Noir. Pinot Noir wine is lighter in color than Cabernet or Merlot.

4. Syrah/Shiraz

The northern part of France’s Rhône Valley is the classic home for great wines from the Syrah grape. Syrah produces deeply colored wines with full body, firm tannin, and aromas/flavors that can recommend berries, smoked meat, black pepper, tar, or even burnt rubber (believe it or not).

5. Zinfandel

Zinfandel is one of the oldest grapes in California, and it therefore enjoys a certain stature there. For decades, wine authorities were uncertain of its origins. They have finally proven that Zinfandel’s origin is an obscure Croatian grape. It makes rich, dark wines that are high in alcohol and medium to high in tannin. They can have a blackberry or raspberry  aroma and flavor, a spicy or tarry character, or even a jammy flavor.

6. Barbera

Barbera is most popular in northern Italy –Alba, Asti- and Argentina. Wines made from Barbera grapes are medium to full bodied, with tannins on the light side, thus easy to drink. You can expect a sweet fruit flavor, reminiscent of red berries and spice. It is grown mainly in Italy -Alba, Asti.

7. Cabernet Franc

Cabernet Franc is mainly grown in Bordeaux, where it is used for blending with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot, and the Loira Valley, where it is cultivated for varietals it is the only grape used in some high quality wines. This grape is the origin of lighter red wines than those made from Cabernet Sauvignon, a very close variety. Cabernet Franc wines have more to them that Merlot wines.

8. Carignan

This variety grows in the south of France, Spain and parts of California. Carignan produces fairly tannic, full bodied wines with profound color and uncomplicated berry flavors.

9. Cinsaut

This variety grows widely in the south of France and Corsica. This is a pale colored grape with a sweet, spicy aroma. Though mainly used in blends it produces a varietal rosé worthy of note.

10. Dolcetto

Dolcetto origins are in the Italian Piedmont. Dolcetto wines are adorably easy to drink, bringing flavors of cherries, almond and red fruit and deep color. Wines made from Dolcetto grapes are best when young.

11. Gamay

It is a grape with dazzling cherry flavors and colorful pink-purple tint. It makes low tannin, very drinkable wines. Gamay grows in many areas of France and Europe, but shines in Beaujolais.

12. Grenache

A grape from Spanish origins, where it is known as Garnacha, producer of moist, pale, very alcoholic, cherry and pepper flavored wines. In the right conditions the wines can be deep colored, full of fruity aromas and flavors with a hint of raspberries. This variety is mostly used in blends. There is some in Argentina, but it grows mainly in Spain, Rioja, Priorato- France –Cahors, Bordeaux.

13. Malbec

It is a vigorous red grape variety full of spicy red berry flavors. Cultivated in France and more widely in Argentina, where it makes of deep colored wines with powerful tannins.

14. Pinotage

Pinotage is a cross between Pinot Noir and Cinsaut, totally a 20th century variety. Pinotage keeps the berry sweet flavor from Pinot and gets the fruity spiciness from Cinsaut. It is widely cultivated in South Africa but it has not yet taken out of that region.

Health benefits of Red Grapes

Red grapes are rich in nutrients such as potassium, calcium, iron, phosphorus, folate, magnesium, selenium and Vitamin A, Vitamin C and Vitamin B6. These nutrients have a direct impact on your health. Listed below are just a few benefits of adding Red Grapes to your lives:

1. Hair Care

Red grapes consists of high levels of vitamin K, vitamin C, and iron, as well as inflammation-reducing antioxidants, these grapes can help to improve hair health by protecting follicles, reducing hair loss, and boosting the luster of your locks. Grape juice has even been used in some cultures as a hair tonic and scalp lotion that can speed the improvement process for your hair.(1)

2. Improve Cognition

Research has been done on resveratrol and its impact on brain health. In neurodegenerative diseases, this compound shows great promise in reducing oxidative stress and plaque deposition, helping to keep your mind and memory clear as you age. It is also known to improve your powers of concentration and knowledge retention.(2)

3. Healthy Heart

Healthy heart is essential for a happy life, and red grapes can help achieve that. Red grapes get their red color from flavonoids that help protect from heart diseases by preventing blood clots and oxidation. Skin of these grapes is made up of anthocyanins; according to studies conducted anthocyanins protect the heart. The red grapes also consist of resveratrol, which may possibly help in curing atherosclerosis, which carries heart diseases as a risk factor. Research in International Journal of Cardiology in 2013, states that grape skin extract can improve arteries after participants used them for 30 days. (3)

4. Beautiful Skin

It has been found that resveratrol helps to reverse signs of aging and help tackle other skin issues. It can also help tackle acne if used with the common acne medication benzoyl peroxide. Antioxidants inside the grapes and their seeds are 50 times more powerful than vitamin E and 20 times stronger than Vitamin C. these help in protecting the skin from pollution, toxin damage and they can also help in repairing the collagen. (4)

5. Weight Loss

Red Grapes do not have a lot of calories, a half-cup serving of red grapes contains only 23 calories, on the other hand, they are heavy on nutrients and can help keep up your nutrition. One serving is filled with numerous vitamins and can provide the 5 percent of Vitamin C that men need and 6 percent of what women need. Research published in the International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism in 2014 stated that the resveratrol inside the grapes helped the participants burn more calories, as their muscles were using a larger amount of energy as opposed to what they usually did. (5)

6. Anti-ageing

Skin and seeds of red grapes consists of resveratrol that helps to controls the ageing process. Resveratrol is a strong antioxidant that helps to maintain the health of the skin.

7. Helps your Kidneys

Red Grapes helps in reducing the levels of uric acid in our bodies which helps the body to remove the acid from inside the system and reduce the workload of kidneys.

8. Antibacterial Activity

Red grapes possess antibacterial and antiviral properties. Thus, they protect you from many infections. Antiviral properties are also useful to fight against the polio virus and herpes simplex virus.

9. Asthma

Red grapes have well-known therapeutic values that can cure asthma. The assimilatory power of grapes is high, which increases the moisture in the lungs which in turns cure asthma.

10. Fights Neuro-degenerative Diseases

Resveratrol inside the red grapes has been found to be useful against Alzheimer’s disease; it is a neurodegenerative disease and form because of free radicals and oxidative stress. Alzheimer can be controlled through antioxidants that are prevalent in Red Grapes. These agents increase the speed of learning and boost memory.

11. Good for Eyes

Research done in University I Miami, Florida has discovered that grapes counter oxidative stress and promote eye health by directly making changes on the cellular level. Grapes reduce inflammation and increase protective proteins in retinas. Flavonoids in these fruits consist of oxidants that can decrease and get rid of free radicals to stop cataracts from forming.

12. Helps Knees

It has been verified by a research conducted by the Texas Woman’s University that eating grapes daily can give one relief from knee pain, particularly if it is triggered by symptomatic osteoarthritis. Grapes improve the flexibility and mobility of the joints as it consists of antioxidants that are polyphenols.  Grapes can also help lower the levels of uric acid in our body that cause pain in the knees.

13. Improves Eyesight

As red grapes are very rich sources of the powerful antioxidant, resveratrol, they perform the function of a blocking agent against few specific enzymes that degenerate the tissue.

14. Healthy Brain

Healthy mind in a healthy body is vital for a healthy lifestyle, but it needs upkeep and protection. Along with numerous nutrients that help the body function, red grapes can also help you have a healthy mind as the resveratrol inside it helps boost cognition. Research conducted on adults, discovered that activity increased in the hippocampus, a part of the brain that deals with memory, after administrating it for 26 weeks. Researchers learned that it could increase learning speed and fight memory diseases.

15. Fights Cancer

Resveratrol found abundantly in red grapes protects the skin from the harmful UVB rays produced by the sun and helps it protect from skin cancer. Researchers have found out that resveratrol can positively help in controlling cancer. They also help in protecting the body from radiation during cancer treatments.

16. Anti- Inflammatory Properties

There are two types of inflammation. Acute Inflammation– It is a defense mechanism that increases blood flow to fight infection and Chronic Inflammation that stays for months and years and becomes worrisome. It has been found that grapes consist of certain enzymes that counteract inflammation in our bodies. This brings about many repair functions in the body, relief to arteries and helps in keeping the heart healthy.

Traditional uses and benefits of Red Grapes

• Grapes are a nourishing and slightly laxative fruit that can support the body through illness, especially of the gastro-intestinal tract and liver.
• The fresh fruit is anti-lithic, constructive, cooling, diuretic and strengthening.
• Fruit is especially recommended in the treatment of torpid liver or sluggish biliary function.
• Fruit is also helpful in the treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids and capillary fragility.
• Dried fruit is demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and stomachic.
• Leaves, especially red leaves, are anti-inflammatory and astringent.
• Decoction is used in the treatment of threatened abortion, internal and external bleeding, cholera, dropsy, diarrhea and nausea.
• It is also used as a wash for mouth ulcers and as douche for treating vaginal discharge.
• Red grape leaves are also helpful in the treatment of varicose veins, hemorrhoids and capillary fragility.
• Sap of young branches is used as a remedy for skin diseases and is also an excellent lotion for the eyes.
• Tendrils are astringent and a decoction is used in the treatment of diarrhea.
• It reduces the level of Cholesterol and prevents the occurrence of Atherosclerosis.
• It eases blood vessels and lowers the blood pressure.
• It enhances blood circulation and improves the absorption of nutrients in the body.
• It prevents the growth of Cancerous cells and forces the already developed cancerous cells to undergo apoptosis.
• It reduces the risk of colon cancer and breast cancer.
• It eases the bowel movements and increases the production of digestive enzymes.
• It cures Stomach irritation, indigestion and constipation.
• Regular consumption may curbs the problem of iron deficiency and relieves from fatigue and anemia.
• It fights free radicals and prevents the signs of aging by reducing wrinkles and fine lines.
• It enhances the blood circulation in the scalp which promotes hair growth.
• It cures the dryness of hair and treats dandruff.
• A malagma made from the seed is said to be a folk remedy for condylomata of the joints.
• Fruit, prepared in various manners, is said to remedy mola, uterine tumors, hardness of the liver, tumors, and cancer.
• Juice, prepared in various manners, is said to remedy tumors of the tonsils, excrescences of the seat, tumors of the fauces, indurations, and tumors of the neck, chronic tumors, and hard cancers.
• Leaves are used to stop bleeding, pain and inflammation of hemorrhoids.
• Unripe grapes were used for treating sore throats, and raisins were given as treatments for tuberculosis, constipation and thirst.
• Ripe grapes were used for the treatment of cancer, cholera, smallpox, nausea, skin and eye infections as well as kidney and liver diseases.

Ayurvedic Health benefits of Red Grapes

• High Blood Pressure: Extract the juice of grapes and drink one cup daily.
• Rheumatism: Take one cup of fresh grape juice twice a day.
• Teething problems: During teething if a child faces cold, fever and diarrhea, give one tsp of fresh grape juice twice a day.
• Constipation: Put 8-10 grapes in one cup of boiled milk and drink. It will give immediate relief in constipation.
• Joint Pain: Drink one glass of grape juice once a day daily.
• Liver Diseases: Extract the juice of grapes. Take one glass per day. OR Have a bowl of grapes every day.
• Blood Purifier: Eat 10-15 grapes every day.
• Jaundice: Drink one cup of fresh grapes juice. OR Eat one bowl of grapes daily.
• Menopause: Take one glass of fresh juice of grapes daily. OR Eat one cup of grapes daily.
• Palpitations: Dip 10-15 grapes in 10 ml of Rose water for 10 minutes. Eat the grapes and drink the water.
• Prickly Heat: Eat grapes after every 2-3 hours.
• Skin Diseases: Extract out the liquid from young branches of grapes. Apply on the affected part once a day.
• Ulcers: Drink one glass of grapes juice twice a day.
• Wrinkles: Taking grapes daily reduces the wrinkles. OR Take grape juice daily. OR Rub the juice of green seedless grapes over the affected area. Wash after 20 minutes.
• Alcoholism: Add grapes in your daily diet.
• Migraine: Take one glass of grape juice once a day. It cures Migraine. OR Eat 50 grams of Grapes daily.
• Nose bleed: Take one glass of grape juice. Add little honey and drink it.
• Dysuria: Drink 100 ml of grape juice once a day. It helps to reduce the burning sensation during urination.
• Cough: Extract the juice of grapes by crushing them. Add 1 tsp of honey in half tsp of obtained juice. Have it twice a day.
• Mouth Cancer: Eat 15-20 grapes daily. OR Squeeze out the fresh juice of grapes. Drink 3 to 4 glasses a day.
• High Cholesterol: Eat 15 to 20 grapes per day.
• Antibacterial: Grapes reduces the diseases caused by infection. Have a bowl of grapes daily.
• Blood impurity: Grapes purifies the blood. Have a bowl of grapes daily.
• Kidney pain: Crush the grapes leaves to make a paste. Add it to water. Filter. Drink it twice a day by adding a pinch of salt in it.
• Gall stones: Consume one cup of grape juice once a day. It helps to remove them through urine.
• Asthma: Extract the juice of grapes. Warm it and drink them twice a day.
• Mucolytic: Mix 1 tsp each of grape juice and honey. Have it thrice a day.
• Kidney stones: Drink one glass of grapes juice regularly. Or eat one cup of grapes daily to remove kidney stones.
• Gout: Drink one glass of grapes juice by adding 2 pinches of Black pepper once a day.
• Coryza: Eat fresh 20 to 30 grapes daily. It is a beneficial treatment for Coryza.
• Pancreatic Cancer: Consume one cup of Red grapes daily.
• Back pain: Eating 10-15 grapes daily helps to deal with back pain.
• Vaginal Discharge: Have a cup of fresh grape juice daily. OR Add half a tbsp of honey in a cup of Grape juice and have it daily for 1 week.
• Infertility: Grape seed extract is used to cure bacterial infection of reproductive organs in both men and women. It tones the reproductive organs.
• Constipation: Take golden shower fruit pulp, wine grapes pulp, fennel, rose, coriander seeds. Mix them in a jug of water. Soak overnight. Strain. Drink twice a day.
• Sexual Debility: Mix 2 tbsp each of coriander seeds, water melon seeds, liquorice, seeds of grapes, almond, coriander seeds and bottle gourd seeds with one cup pulp of ripe Azadirachta indica fruit. Add 2 cups each of ghee and sugar. Heat till the moisture is eliminated. Cool and store. Take one tbsp twice a day. It is good for sexual debility.
• Indigestion: Squeeze out the juice of grape leaves. Add two pinches of black pepper and cumin in one tsp of juice. Boil in a glass of water and strain. Drink once a day.
• Eye problems: Take 1 tbsp of Raisins and 2 to 4 grapes. Boil them in a cup of milk. Drink once a day.
• Oligospermia: Take 4 pieces each of grapes, date palm and black currant. Eat them once a day.
• Phlegm: Take one tsp of each grapes juice and honey. Mix Have it thrice a day for a week.
• Indigestion: Take 50 g grapes and 20 g fennel seed. Soak them in water overnight. Mesh the content in same water. Strain. Add some sugar in the liquid and drink.
• Dull Skin: Mash 5-6 grapes and mix this pulp with orange juice. Apply this mixture on your face and leave it for 30 minutes. Wash it off with cold water. Use this mixture regularly for best results.

Culinary uses

• Red grapes are a popular fruit in fruit salads and eaten raw.
• They are also important components for grape juice and wine.
• Fruit juice can be concentrated and used as a sweetener.
• This fruit is widely used in making wine.
• Young leaves are wrapped around other foods and then baked, they impart a pleasant flavor.
• Young leaves are eaten as a vegetable.
• Grape leaves are a popular ingredient in many cuisines in the Middle East including Armenian, Turkish, Egyptian, Algerian, Syrian, Lebanese and Albanian and Greek.
• Flower clusters are used as a vegetable.
• Edible oil similar to sunflower oil is obtained from the seed.
• Sap raw can be used as a drink, it has a sweet taste.
• Roasted seed is a coffee.
• Grapevine leaves are stuffed with rice, pine nuts and fresh herbs to make the Greek dolmathakia.

Other Facts

• Red grapes have been cultivated for at least 1,200 years.
• Dried fruits are the raisins, sultanas and currants of commerce, different varieties producing the different types of dried fruit.
• Fully ripened fresh fruit is sweet, juicy and delicious.
• Yellow dye is obtained from the fresh or dried leaves.
• Oil from the seed is used for lighting and as an ingredient in soaps, paints etc.
• Residue from pressed grapes is used as livestock feed or used to make tannin and cream of tartar.
• Grape seeds yield a drying that is used for lighting, paints and cooking.
• Grapevine is perennial plant that can survive and produce fruit for centuries.

References:

http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2457006

https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=VIVI5

https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=28629#null

http://www.hear.org/pier/species/vitis_vinifera.htm

https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=41905

https://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Vitis+vinifera

http://www.floracatalana.net/vitis-vinifera-l-

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Red grapes Quick Facts
Name:	Red grapes
Scientific Name:	Vitis vinifera
Origin	Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia
Colors	Green when young turning to red as they matures
Shapes	Berry, ellipsoid to globose, 6–25 mm diameter, with soft skin adhering to the pulp
Taste	Sweet and tarty taste
Calories	104 Kcal./cup
Major nutrients	Copper (21.33%) Carbohydrate (21.02%) Vitamin K (18.33%) Vitamin B6 (10.00%) Vitamin B1 (8.67%)
Health benefits	Hair Care, Improve Cognition, Healthy Heart, Beautiful Skin, Weight Loss Anti-ageing, Helps your Kidneys, Antibacterial Activity, Asthma Fights Neuro-degenerative Diseases, Good for Eyes, Helps Knees, Improves Eyesight Healthy Brain, Fights Cancer, Anti- Inflammatory Properties

Name	Red grapes
Scientific Name	Vitis vinifera
Native	Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran
Common Names	Grape, Wine grape, Purpleleaf Grape, Common Grape, Common Grapevine, Domestic Grape, European Grape, Grapes, Grapevine
Name in Other Languages	Afrikaans: Druif, Aanab, Aenaeb, Ainab, Ainab, Anab, Enab Yabis, Kishmish, Mewiz, Zabeeb, Zabib Bengali: Angurphal Brazil : Parreira, Uva, Videira Bulgarian:  Vino (Вино), vino Burmese : Sa-Pyit Catalan: Cep, Vinya Chinese:  Ou zhou pu tao (歐 洲葡萄), Pútáo (葡萄), vitis vinifére Czech : Réva Vinná Danish:  Almindelig vin,  Vin, Vinranke, Vinstok, Ægte Vinranke Dutch: Wijnstok, Druif Eastonian : Harilik Viinapuu English:  Common grapevine, European grape, Grape, Grapevine, Vine, wild grape, Wine grape, Table grape Finnish: Viiniköynnös French:  Vigne, Vigne cultivee, Lambrusque, Vigne sauvage, Vigne Vinifère, Grappe German:  Echter Weinstock, Rebe, Rebstock, Wein, Weinrebe, Wein-Rebe, Weinstock, Echte Weintraube, Edler Weinstock, Europäische Weinrebe, Kultur- Weinrebe, Kulturrebe, Traubenstock, Wein, Weinlese, Weintraube Greek:  Ampéli (Αμπέλι)   Ambeli, Ámpelos (Άμπελος)   Ambelos,  Klima (Kλήμα),  Stafylia (Σταφύλια), Stafyli (Σταφύλι) Hindi: Angoor, Angur, Dak, Dakh, Drakh Hungarian : Vinič Hroznorodý Icelandic: Vínber Indonesia : Buah Anggur Italian:  Ambrusca, Lebrusca, Vite, Vite comune , Vite Rossa, Uva, Vite selvatica, Zampino Japanese: Yooroppu budou (ヨーロッパブドウ),  Budou (ブドウ ) Kampuchea : Tra Pèang Baay Chum, Tra Pèang Baay Chuu Kannada: Angoora, Angura, Dhrakshi, Draakshi, Draksa, Draksha, Drakshe, Drakshi, Drakshi Balli, Drakshi-Hannu, Dveepa Draakshi, Kisimis Korean: Podo Laos : ‘Angunx Malayalam: Dhrakshai, Gostani, Madhurasam, Mantirinnavalli, Mridvika, Mrydvika, Muntiri, Muntirika, Muntirinna, Muntirinnap-Pazham, Pach-Cha-Muntrinnap- Pazham, Saruphala, Svadvi Malaysia : Anggur Manipuri: Angur Marathi: Dakshache-Jhad, Draaksha, Draksha, Kakanj Munaqqa: Aab-E-Angur, Angoor, Angur, Angur-E-Khushk, Kishmish, Mawaiz Munaqa, Mawaiz Munaqqa, Maweez Nepali : Dakh Norwegian: Ekte vinranke, Vindrue Occitan: Vinha, Lambrusco Oriya: Svadvi Pakistan : Angur Persian : Ab-Josh, Angur, Maveez, Mavez Philippines : Ubas Polish : Winorośl, Winorośl Właściwa Portuguese: Uva (Brazil), Videira (Brazil),  Videira-europeia,  Vinha, Vinho Russian:  Obyknovennaya vinogradnaya (Обыкновенная виноградная),  Obyknobennaia vinogradnaia, Vinograd (Виноград)  , Vinograd kul’turnyi (Виноград культурный) Sanskrit: Amrtaphala, Amrutaphala, Caruphala, Charuphala, Dakha, Draksa, Draksha, Gostani, Guchhaphala, Harahura, Kakali, Kapisa, Kasmari, Krishna, La, Laghu-Draksha, Madhurasa, Mrdvika, Mridirka, Mridvika, Phatotama, Priyala, Rasa, Rasala,  Soma, Svadi, Svadvi, Swaduphala, Tapasapriya, Yakshmaghni Serbian : Loza Shona: Mugirepisi Slovencina : Vinič Hroznorodý Spanish:  Vino, Vid, Parra, Viña, Viñedo Swedish:  Vindruva, vin, Vinranka Tamil: Aravaram, Attica, Atticakkoti, Camparavalli, Carupalam, Cimutai, Cimutaikkoti, Cuvatavi, Dhrakshai, Diraksha- Pazham, Dividatsi-Pullum, Dividatsipalavuttil, Draksha, Gostanidraksha, Inippukkotimuntirikai, Inippumuntiri, Iratakirusta, Irattapittakkani, Kacamuntirikai, Kacumari, Karamarttikai, Karamarttikaikkoti, Kavin, Kirusnai, Kirusnap-piriyam, Kiruttinai, Kodi-Mundirip-Pazham, Kodimoondrie Pullum, Kodimundirigai, Kotimunti, Kotimuntiri, Kotimuntirikai, Kottai Tiratcai, Kottani, Kottanigai, Kottiram, Kottiramuntiri, Kottiri, Kottirikai, Kotumuntiri, Kuccapalam, Kulattiya, Maduram, Madurasam, Matucancai, Matucancam, Maturacam, Matura-cavalli, Maturam, Matuyoni, Miruntikam, Miruttikam, Mukkica, Mullutiratcai, Mundirigai, Muntiri, Muntirikai, Muntirikkoti, Murukki-patanatci, Nattukkotimuntirikai, Nemiyankani, Palottamai, Piriyalu, Rovini, Simudai, Tamama-tikam, Tapacappiriyai, Taracca, Taraccam, Taravakkoti, Taravam, Tatcam, Tatkam, Thiratchai, Thrakshi, Tirakkam, Tiraksai, Tirappakanam, Tiratcai, Tiratcam, Tiratci, Tirikai1, Tirkkapalai, Tittippukkotimuntiri, Tittippumuntiri, Tittippumuntirikkoti, Tivaratci, Tivatatci, Tivirtiratcai, Tivitatci, Tivitiratcam, Tivutiratcai, Uttarapati, Vakinimuntiri, Valli, Vanappiriyam Telegu: Dhraksha, Draaksha, Draaksha Chettu, Draakshapandu, Dracha, Draksa, Draksha, Draksha-Pandu, Draksha- Pondu, Go Sthani Draaksha, Gostanidraksha, Gostini-Pandu, Kismisu, Kisumini, Kisumisu, Kisumisu Chettu Thai:  Xngùn (องุ่น) , A ngun Tibetan : Rgun Bru, Rgun Brum Turkish : Üzüm Urdu: Monaqqa, Munaqqa, Rub Angur Tursh, Rub Ghura, Rub-I-Ghura Vietnam : Nho
Plant Growth Habit	Vigorous, climbing woody, deciduous, perennial liana
Soil	Prefer sandy or gravelly soils where drainage is good. It grows best in deep, fertile, well-drained soil that has a pH of between 5.5 and 7.0. Presence of excess salts particularly sodium and free calcium is detrimental for grapes
Plant Size	16 to 20 m
Branchlets	Terete, with longitudinal ridges, glabrous or sparsely pilose with branched tendrils
Leaf	Simple, green, alternate; stipules caducous; petioles 4–9 cm and nearly glabrous; leaf blade circular to circular-ovate in outline
Flowering Periods	May to July
Flower	Bisexual or functionally pistillate with shorter sterile stamens, greenish in color. Calyx very shortly 5-lobed glabrous, undulate; petals 5, lanceolate, about 5 mm, pale green, sweet-scented
Fruit Shape & Size	Berry, ellipsoid to globose, 6–25 mm diameter, with soft skin adhering to the pulp
Fruit Color	Green when young turning to red as they matures
Fruit Skin	Crisp, firm skin
Seed	2–3, obovoid to pyriform, apex sub rounded
Taste	Sweet and tarty taste
Plant Parts Used	Fruit, leaves, juice, stem, flowers, seeds, grape skin
Used For	Red wine, jams, jellies, grape juice
Varieties/Types	Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot Pinot Noir Syrah/Shiraz Zinfandel Barbera Cabernet Franc Carignan Cinsaut Dolcetto Gamay Grenache Malbec Pinotage
Season	Sep to October
Major Nutrition	Copper, Cu 0.192 mg (21.33%) Carbohydrate 27.33 g (21.02%) Vitamin K (phylloquinone) 22 µg (18.33%) Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) 0.13 mg (10.00%) Vitamin B1 (Thiamin) 0.104 mg (8.67%) Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)  0.106 mg (8.15%) Iron, Fe 0.54 mg (6.75%) Potassium, K 288 mg (6.13%) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) 4.8 mg (5.33%) Manganese, Mn 0.107 mg (4.65%)
Health Benefits	Hair Care Improve Cognition Healthy Heart Beautiful Skin Weight Loss Anti-ageing Helps your Kidneys Antibacterial Activity Asthma Fights Neuro-degenerative Diseases Good for Eyes Helps Knees Improves Eyesight Healthy Brain Fights Cancer Anti- Inflammatory Properties
Precautions	It may cause stomach upset and indigestion.